Provided is a first process of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising performing a transanhydridization reaction of an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid and an acid of the thermally regenerable anhydride, wherein at least one of the organic mono-acid and thermally regenerable anhydride is provided by a preprocess that is integrated with the first process. An anhydride production system that is integrated with at least one preprocess, a wood acetylation process coupled to an acetic anhydride production process, a process of supplying an acetic acid reactant feed to a transanhydridization reaction unit, and an integrated wood acetylation and anhydride production system also are provided.

Provided is a first process of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising performing a transanhydridization reaction of an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid and an acid of the thermally regenerable anhydride, wherein at least one of the organic mono-acid and thermally regenerable anhydride is provided by a preprocess that is integrated with the first process. An anhydride production system that is integrated with at least one preprocess, a wood acetylation process coupled to an acetic anhydride production process, a process of supplying an acetic acid reactant feed to a transanhydridization reaction unit, and an integrated wood acetylation and anhydride production system also are provided.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Provided is a method of producing an anhydride of an organic mono-acid comprising contacting an organic mono-acid and a thermally regenerable anhydride to produce the anhydride of the organic mono-acid, and either a diacid of the regenerable anhydride, a partially hydrolyzed regenerable anhydride, or both. In a particular example, acetic acid and glutaric anhydride can be reacted to form acetic anhydride.

Method for visible-light driven oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid using carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as the oxidant in the absence of any catalyst are provided. In the disclosed process, aldehydes, when reacted with CO.sub.2 in an organic solvent, either in a batch reactor or in a continuous flow reactor, under conditions of ambient temperature and pressure, using a readily available household LED lamp, yield corresponding carboxylic acids along with the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the effluent gas.

Method for visible-light driven oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid using carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as the oxidant in the absence of any catalyst are provided. In the disclosed process, aldehydes, when reacted with CO.sub.2 in an organic solvent, either in a batch reactor or in a continuous flow reactor, under conditions of ambient temperature and pressure, using a readily available household LED lamp, yield corresponding carboxylic acids along with the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) in the effluent gas.

A long life catalyst is provided that is conveniently and inexpensively capable of being produced and that is highly active and has inhibited metal leakage. According to aspects of the present invention, a catalyst is provided that includes: a polymer including a plurality of first structural units and a plurality of second structural units; and metal acting as a catalytic center, wherein at least part of the metal is covered with the polymer, each of the plurality of first structural units has a first atom constituting a main chain of the polymer and a first substituent group bonded to the first atom, a second atom included in each of the plurality of second structural units is bonded to the first atom, and the second atom is different from the first atom, or at least one of all substituent groups on the second atom is different from the first substituent group.

A long life catalyst is provided that is conveniently and inexpensively capable of being produced and that is highly active and has inhibited metal leakage. According to aspects of the present invention, a catalyst is provided that includes: a polymer including a plurality of first structural units and a plurality of second structural units; and metal acting as a catalytic center, wherein at least part of the metal is covered with the polymer, each of the plurality of first structural units has a first atom constituting a main chain of the polymer and a first substituent group bonded to the first atom, a second atom included in each of the plurality of second structural units is bonded to the first atom, and the second atom is different from the first atom, or at least one of all substituent groups on the second atom is different from the first substituent group.