Provided herein are an indene compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), and a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also provided herein is a method of their use for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a fibrotic disease.

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Provided herein are an indene compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), and a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also provided herein is a method of their use for treating, preventing, or ameliorating one or more symptoms of a fibrotic disease.

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Provided is a method of manufacturing a trifluoropyruvyl fluoride dimer, including a reaction step of reacting hexafluoropropylene oxide and aldehyde.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a trifluoropyruvyl fluoride dimer, including a reaction step of reacting hexafluoropropylene oxide and aldehyde.

A salt having formula (1) or (2) serving as an acid diffusion inhibitor is provided as well as a resist composition comprising the acid diffusion inhibitor. When processed by lithography, the resist composition exhibits a high sensitivity, and excellent lithography properties such as CDU and LWR.

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To provide a method for recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier with a high yield from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon. A method for eluting and recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon, which comprises a step (1) of bringing the basic ion exchange resin into contact with a water-soluble organic solvent and a step (2) of recovering the acid of the anionic fluorinated emulsifier from the basic ion exchange resin from which the ionic surfactant is eluted in the step (1).

To provide a method for recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier with a high yield from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon. A method for eluting and recovering an acid of an anionic fluorinated emulsifier from a basic ion exchange resin having a nonionic surfactant physically adsorbed thereon and having the anionic fluorinated emulsifier adsorbed thereon, which comprises a step (1) of bringing the basic ion exchange resin into contact with a water-soluble organic solvent and a step (2) of recovering the acid of the anionic fluorinated emulsifier from the basic ion exchange resin from which the ionic surfactant is eluted in the step (1).

To provide a process for producing a desired perfluorinated product at a high yield in a fluorination reaction of a partially fluorinated ester. A perfluorinated compound (4) is obtained by fluorinating in a liquid phase a compound (3) (wherein the fluorine content is at least 30 mass %) obtained by reacting a compound (1) and a compound (2), wherein the compound (1) is HOCH.sub.2—R.sup.A—CH.sub.2OH, the compound (2) is X.sup.1C(═O)—C(R.sup.B)(R.sup.C)(R.sup.D), R.sup.A is a bivalent saturated hydrocarbon group or the like which has no hetero atom such as an etheric oxygen atom, X.sup.1 is a halogen atom, and —C(R.sup.B)(R.sup.C)(R.sup.D) is a branched group.

To provide a process for producing a desired perfluorinated product at a high yield in a fluorination reaction of a partially fluorinated ester. A perfluorinated compound (4) is obtained by fluorinating in a liquid phase a compound (3) (wherein the fluorine content is at least 30 mass %) obtained by reacting a compound (1) and a compound (2), wherein the compound (1) is HOCH.sub.2—R.sup.A—CH.sub.2OH, the compound (2) is X.sup.1C(═O)—C(R.sup.B)(R.sup.C)(R.sup.D), R.sup.A is a bivalent saturated hydrocarbon group or the like which has no hetero atom such as an etheric oxygen atom, X.sup.1 is a halogen atom, and —C(R.sup.B)(R.sup.C)(R.sup.D) is a branched group.

A process for preparing a low-molecular weight fluoropolyether containing an acid fluoride by decomposing a triflate or trifluoroacetate of a fluoropolyether having a hydroxyl group in the presence of a Lewis acid.