Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldose are described.

Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.2-C.sub.7 aldose are described.

Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldose are described.

Various processes for preparing aldaric acids, aldonic acids, uronic acids, and/or lactone(s) thereof are described. For example, processes for preparing a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldaric acid and/or lactone(s) thereof by the catalytic oxidation of a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldonic acid and/or lactone(s) thereof and/or a C.sub.5-C.sub.6 aldose are described.

Compositions that include a polymer and an aldaric acid, such as glucaric acid, are disclosed. The compositions may include polyvinyl alcohol and glucaric acid. The compositions may also include polyacrylonitrile and glucaric acid. In addition, the compositions may further include lignin. Also disclosed are fibers including the compositions, methods of making the fibers, and uses of the fibers.

Compositions that include a polymer and an aldaric acid, such as glucaric acid, are disclosed. The compositions may include polyvinyl alcohol and glucaric acid. The compositions may also include polyacrylonitrile and glucaric acid. In addition, the compositions may further include lignin. Also disclosed are fibers including the compositions, methods of making the fibers, and uses of the fibers.

The present invention relates to novel hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, metabolic syndrome disorders (e.g., Syndrome X), thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

Salts of hexylamine, for example, hexylamine succinate and tri-hexylamine citrate and their method of production are described. The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising hexyalmine, for example, for reducing appetite in a human subject, treating obesity in a human subject, preventing obesity in a human subject, preventing weight gain in a human subject, increasing fat loss in a human subject, treating an overweight human subject, increasing athletic performance in a human subject, increasing endurance in a human subject, increasing muscle strength in a human subject, improving cognitive function in a human subject, treating ADHD in a human subject, increasing sweating in a human subject, reducing reaction time of a human subject, increasing psychomotor vigilance of a human subject, enhancing memory in a human subject, increasing central nervous system activity in a human subject, and enhancing alertness, attention, concentration, and/or memory in a human subject.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.

The invention provides methods of preparing 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid and methods of making a pharmaceutical material comprising a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid. Also provided are compositions and pharmaceutical materials including a purified amount of 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid as well as methods of treating various diseases and conditions using the compositions and pharmaceutical materials.