Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Methods of isolating phenols from phenol-containing media. The methods include combining a phospholipid-containing composition with the phenol-containing medium to generate a combined medium, incubating the combined medium to precipitate phenols in the combined medium and thereby form a phenol precipitate phase and a phenol-depleted phase, and separating the phenol precipitate phase and the phenol-depleted phase. The methods can further include extracting phenols from the separated phenol precipitate phase. The extracting can include mixing the separated phenol precipitate phase with an extraction solvent to solubilize in the extraction solvent at least a portion of the phenols originally present in the phenol precipitate phase.

Methods of isolating phenols from phenol-containing media. The methods include combining a phospholipid-containing composition with the phenol-containing medium to generate a combined medium, incubating the combined medium to precipitate phenols in the combined medium and thereby form a phenol precipitate phase and a phenol-depleted phase, and separating the phenol precipitate phase and the phenol-depleted phase. The methods can further include extracting phenols from the separated phenol precipitate phase. The extracting can include mixing the separated phenol precipitate phase with an extraction solvent to solubilize in the extraction solvent at least a portion of the phenols originally present in the phenol precipitate phase.

Disclosed are pharmaceutical salts and co-crystals of pentoxifylline, clonidine and linsidomine with caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid or α-lipoic acid, and method for preparing thereof. Also disclosed are topical compositions comprising said salts or co-crystals and use thereof for treating pain.

Provided is a method for producing a composition containing gallic acid, the composition having a low content rate of protocatechuic acid using a microbial culture solution. A method for producing a composition containing gallic acid, the method comprising a step (A) of performing cooling crystallization using an aqueous solution (a) containing gallic acid and protocatechuic acid at 0.9° C./min or less.

Provided is a method for producing a composition containing gallic acid, the composition having a low content rate of protocatechuic acid using a microbial culture solution. A method for producing a composition containing gallic acid, the method comprising a step (A) of performing cooling crystallization using an aqueous solution (a) containing gallic acid and protocatechuic acid at 0.9° C./min or less.

The present disclosure provides novel crystalline forms of a compound that acts as an ALDH2 effector, processes for preparing the crystalline forms of the compound with or without coformer, and uses thereof.

A method for producing an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition, the method including passing a solution including an acid compound having a pKa of 2.0 or more through a column packed with an ion-exchange resin, producing an onium salt by using the acid compound having been passed through the column, and mixing together the onium salt and a resin that undergoes an increase in polarity due to action of acid.

A method for producing an actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition, the method including passing a solution including an acid compound having a pKa of 2.0 or more through a column packed with an ion-exchange resin, producing an onium salt by using the acid compound having been passed through the column, and mixing together the onium salt and a resin that undergoes an increase in polarity due to action of acid.