A method of inhibiting the conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) and lowering TMAO by providing a composition comprising a compound set forth in Formula (I):

##STR00001##

A method of inhibiting the conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA) and lowering TMAO by providing a composition comprising a compound set forth in Formula (I):

##STR00001##

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound of the Formula I or Formula II.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II:

##STR00001##

wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.

Provided are an electrolyte for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte further includes a solid salt as an additive, wherein the solid salt contains one type of cation selected from ammonium-based cations and a thiocyanate anion (SCN.sup.−). According an embodiment, the lithium secondary battery may have improved life characteristics by providing the electrolyte containing the additive.

Provided are an electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery including the electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and further quaternary ammonium hexafluorophosphate as a solid salt.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II: ##STR00001##
wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a photo-cleavable surface binding compound of the Formula I and Formula II: ##STR00001##
wherein the variables EG, EG1, SP1, SP2, SP3, Ar and BG are as defined herein. In another embodiment, the application discloses a method for forming a coating on a surface of a substrate using the surface binding compound.