A salt represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2 independently represent a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, z represents an integer of 0 to 6, R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 alkyl group or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 fluorinated alkyl group, R.sup.4 represents a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 fluorinated alkyl group, L.sup.2 represents a single bond, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 divalent saturated hydrocarbon group, etc., R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 alkyl group that may have a halogen atom, L.sup.1 represents a group represented by formula (b1-1), etc., * represents a bonding site to —CR.sup.3R.sup.4; L.sup.b2 and L.sup.b3 each independently represent a single bond or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.22 divalent saturated hydrocarbon group; Z.sup.+ represents an organic cation.

A curable composition containing at least one of a haloalkyl ether (meth)acrylate or a haloalkenyl ether (meth)acrylate and, optionally, one or more different types of co-monomers is cured to provide a polymer having advantageous properties as a result of the incorporation of halogenated functionality derived from the haloalkyl/haloalkenyl ether (meth)acrylate monomer.

A curable composition containing at least one of a haloalkyl ether (meth)acrylate or a haloalkenyl ether (meth)acrylate and, optionally, one or more different types of co-monomers is cured to provide a polymer having advantageous properties as a result of the incorporation of halogenated functionality derived from the haloalkyl/haloalkenyl ether (meth)acrylate monomer.

A method for producing esters of an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid are disclosed, the method includes reacting a three or four carbon beta-hydroxyalkanoate composition or mixtures thereof with a mono-alcohol under heating conditions to form a reaction product and distilling the reaction product to recover a composition containing at least fifty percent by weight of the ester of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid.

A method for producing esters of an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid are disclosed, the method includes reacting a three or four carbon beta-hydroxyalkanoate composition or mixtures thereof with a mono-alcohol under heating conditions to form a reaction product and distilling the reaction product to recover a composition containing at least fifty percent by weight of the ester of the alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid.

The object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing α-fluoroacrylic acid ester at a high starting material conversion, high selectivity, and high yield. The present invention provides a process for producing the compound represented by the formula (1) wherein R represents alkyl optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, the process comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by the formula (2) wherein X represents a bromine atom or a chlorine atom with an alcohol represented by the formula (3) wherein the symbol is as defined above, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a base to thereby obtain the compound represented by the formula (1). ##STR00001##

The object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing α-fluoroacrylic acid ester at a high starting material conversion, high selectivity, and high yield. The present invention provides a process for producing the compound represented by the formula (1) wherein R represents alkyl optionally substituted with one or more fluorine atoms, the process comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by the formula (2) wherein X represents a bromine atom or a chlorine atom with an alcohol represented by the formula (3) wherein the symbol is as defined above, and carbon monoxide in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a base to thereby obtain the compound represented by the formula (1). ##STR00001##

An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing α-fluoroacrylic acid esters at a high starting material conversion and a high yield. The present invention provides, as a means to achieve the object, a process for producing a compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and each represent alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl optionally substituted with at least one substituent, halogen, or hydrogen; and R.sup.3 represents alkyl, fluoroalkyl, or aryl optionally substituted with at least one substituent, the process comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein the symbols are as defined above, with carbon monoxide and an alcohol represented by formula (3):
R.sup.3—OH  (3)
wherein the symbol is as defined above, in the presence of a transition metal complex catalyst containing at least one bidentate phosphine ligand and a base to thereby obtain the compound represented by formula (1).

An object of the present invention is to provide a process for producing α-fluoroacrylic acid esters at a high starting material conversion and a high yield. The present invention provides, as a means to achieve the object, a process for producing a compound represented by formula (1): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and each represent alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl optionally substituted with at least one substituent, halogen, or hydrogen; and R.sup.3 represents alkyl, fluoroalkyl, or aryl optionally substituted with at least one substituent, the process comprising step A of reacting a compound represented by formula (2): ##STR00002##
wherein the symbols are as defined above, with carbon monoxide and an alcohol represented by formula (3):
R.sup.3—OH  (3)
wherein the symbol is as defined above, in the presence of a transition metal complex catalyst containing at least one bidentate phosphine ligand and a base to thereby obtain the compound represented by formula (1).

The invention discloses a reactive monomer, a liquid crystal panel and an electronic equipment. The reactive monomer comprises a biphenyl structure and polymeriable groups connecting at both sides of the biphenyl structure, a structure of the reactive monomer is ##STR00001##
wherein, n≧3 B are the polymerizable groups;
the liquid crystal panel in the invention comprises both a first substrate and a second substrate with disposed alignment films respectively, and a liquid crystal layer disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, and the liquid crystal layer comprises the liquid crystal compound which comprises the reactive monomer. The reactive monomer in the invention can absorb ultra violet light more efficiently, shorten an illuminating time of UV1, and increase production efficiency.