Proposed is a two-pot-two-step simultaneous conversion system for carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxy group and a method thereof. The system integrates a process of producing a metal salt that is a dehydrogenated form of the hydrocarbon, hydrogen, and water by reacting a hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxy group in the presence of water and a metal oxalate, and a process of converting carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide-derived carbonate into formate by hydrogenation, thereby increasing energy efficiency while maintaining a higher hydrocarbon conversion rate and a higher carbon dioxide conversion rate than the one-pot conversion system for hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide.

Proposed is a two-pot-two-step simultaneous conversion system for carbon dioxide and a hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxy group and a method thereof. The system integrates a process of producing a metal salt that is a dehydrogenated form of the hydrocarbon, hydrogen, and water by reacting a hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxy group in the presence of water and a metal oxalate, and a process of converting carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide-derived carbonate into formate by hydrogenation, thereby increasing energy efficiency while maintaining a higher hydrocarbon conversion rate and a higher carbon dioxide conversion rate than the one-pot conversion system for hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide.

Methods and systems for producing alkyl hydroxyalkanoates from hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottoms. The methods generally comprise the steps of obtaining a hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottom, adding a mono-alcohol to the hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottom to obtain a first mixture, heating the first mixture, optionally in the presence of a catalyst to form a reaction product, distilling the reaction product, and recovering an alkyl hydroxyalkanoate fraction.

Methods and systems for producing alkyl hydroxyalkanoates from hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottoms. The methods generally comprise the steps of obtaining a hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottom, adding a mono-alcohol to the hydroxycarboxylic acid recovery bottom to obtain a first mixture, heating the first mixture, optionally in the presence of a catalyst to form a reaction product, distilling the reaction product, and recovering an alkyl hydroxyalkanoate fraction.

An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid purification method which makes it possible to obtain a chemical liquid having excellent defect inhibition performance. Another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid. The chemical liquid purification method according to an embodiment of the present invention is a chemical liquid purification method including obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a substance to be purified containing an organic solvent, in which a content of the stabilizer in the substance to be purified with respect to the total mass of the substance to be purified is equal to or greater than 0.1 mass ppm and less than 100 mass ppm.

An object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid purification method which makes it possible to obtain a chemical liquid having excellent defect inhibition performance. Another object of the present invention is to provide a chemical liquid. The chemical liquid purification method according to an embodiment of the present invention is a chemical liquid purification method including obtaining a chemical liquid by purifying a substance to be purified containing an organic solvent, in which a content of the stabilizer in the substance to be purified with respect to the total mass of the substance to be purified is equal to or greater than 0.1 mass ppm and less than 100 mass ppm.

In methods for preparing an alkyl carboxylic acid ester according to embodiments of the present invention, a first reaction product is produced by reaction of a carboxylic acid stream and a first alcohol stream in a preliminary reactor. A second reaction product is produced by at least partially removing alcohol and water from the first reaction product. The second reaction product is esterified by reaction with a second alcohol stream in a main reactor. An alkyl carboxylic acid ester is recovered from the main reactor.

In methods for preparing an alkyl carboxylic acid ester according to embodiments of the present invention, a first reaction product is produced by reaction of a carboxylic acid stream and a first alcohol stream in a preliminary reactor. A second reaction product is produced by at least partially removing alcohol and water from the first reaction product. The second reaction product is esterified by reaction with a second alcohol stream in a main reactor. An alkyl carboxylic acid ester is recovered from the main reactor.

A method of preparing an ester by reacting a carboxylic acid with a (C.sub.1-C.sub.36)alcohol in the presence of a catalyst that is suitable for preparing carboxylic acid esters of monomeric carboxylic acids in high yield. The method reduces by-products of the reaction, in particular esters of dimeric, trimeric and/or oligomeric carboxylic acids. The method requires a minimal excess of alcohol and does not require removal of water and/or carboxylic acid ester from the reaction mixture. The method is particularly suitable for the reaction of hydroxyalkylcarboxylic acids and fatty alcohols.

A method of preparing an ester by reacting a carboxylic acid with a (C.sub.1-C.sub.36)alcohol in the presence of a catalyst that is suitable for preparing carboxylic acid esters of monomeric carboxylic acids in high yield. The method reduces by-products of the reaction, in particular esters of dimeric, trimeric and/or oligomeric carboxylic acids. The method requires a minimal excess of alcohol and does not require removal of water and/or carboxylic acid ester from the reaction mixture. The method is particularly suitable for the reaction of hydroxyalkylcarboxylic acids and fatty alcohols.