This document provides methods and materials for increasing the level of phosphorylated AMPK. For example, compounds (e.g., organic compounds) having the ability to increase the level of phosphorylated AMPK within cells, formulations containing compounds having the ability to increase the level of phosphorylated AMPK within cells, methods for making compounds having the ability to increase the level of phosphorylated AMPK within cells, methods for making formulations containing compounds having the ability to increase the level of phosphorylated AMPK within cells, methods for increasing the level of phosphorylated AMPK within cells, and methods for treating mammals (e.g., humans) having a condition responsive to an increase in the level of phosphorylated AMPK are provided.

The present invention relates to esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals comprising a labile protecting group and having formula (I). Certain of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals do not undergo hydrolysis to a significant degree in the dark, but are cleaved to regenerate the parent carboxylic acid agrochemical when exposed to light. Others of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals undergo hydrolysis under both light and dark conditions. The present invention further relates to methods for the controlled release of a carboxylic acid agrochemicals, and to methods of controlling unwanted plants comprising applying to the unwanted plants an ester of a carboxylic acid agrochemical.

The present invention relates to esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals comprising a labile protecting group and having formula (I). Certain of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals do not undergo hydrolysis to a significant degree in the dark, but are cleaved to regenerate the parent carboxylic acid agrochemical when exposed to light. Others of the esters of carboxylic acid agrochemicals undergo hydrolysis under both light and dark conditions. The present invention further relates to methods for the controlled release of a carboxylic acid agrochemicals, and to methods of controlling unwanted plants comprising applying to the unwanted plants an ester of a carboxylic acid agrochemical.

The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a compound suitable for a pharmaceutical composition, specifically an agent for treating nocturia.

The inventors have assumed that inhibition of nocturnal activity of placental leucine aminopeptidase (P-LAP), i.e. aminopeptidase that cleaves AVP, would maintain and/or increase an endogenous AVP level to enhance the antidiuretic effect, which would contribute to a decreased number of nocturnal voids, and have extensively studied compounds which inhibit P-LAP. As a result, the inventors have found that (2R)-3-amino-2-(pyridylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-propanoic acid derivatives have excellent P-LAP inhibitory activity. The inventors have evaluated antidiuretic effects in water-loaded rats and have found that the compounds increase endogenous AVP levels by inhibiting P-LAP and consequently reduce urine production. The present invention therefore provides compounds expected to be used as an agent for treating nocturia based on P-LAP inhibition.

The present invention relates to compounds that are inhibitors of the orexin-1 receptor. The compounds have the structural formula I defined herein. The present invention also relates to processes for the preparation of these compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and to their use in the treatment of diseases or disorders associated with orexin-1 receptor activity.

The present invention relates to sulfonamide compounds of formula (I) and formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The present sulfonamide compounds are useful non-systemic TGR5 agonists that can be used to treat diabetic diseases in human. The present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition containing sulfonamide compounds of formula (I) and formula (II) and a method of making as well as a method of using same in treating patients inflicted with metabolic disorders by administering same. The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with additional anti-diabetic drugs. ##STR00001##

The invention relates to a novel substituted amino acids, agricultural compositions comprising the novel substituted amino acids, and their use for controlling undesired plant growth alone or in combination with crop protection agents such as pesticides or plant growth regulators.

The present disclosure provides certain tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]indene compounds that are Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α) inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of HIF-2α. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

The present disclosure provides certain tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]indene compounds that are Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α) inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of HIF-2α. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

The present disclosure provides certain tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[cd]indene compounds that are Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α) inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of HIF-2α. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.