Provided herein are methods and compounds for targeted autophagy.

The present invention relates to novel fluorophores and their use in combination with novel nucleic acid molecules, called aptamers, that bind specifically to the fluorophore and thereby enhance the fluorescence signal of the fluorophore upon exposure to radiation of suitable wavelength. Molecular complexes formed between the novel fluorophores, novel nucleic acid molecules, and their target molecules are described, and the use of multivalent aptamer constructs as fluorescent sensors for target molecules of interest are also described.

Novel compounds that act as antagonists to human GPR39 protein are disclosed. Pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use for antagonists to human GPR39 protein are disclosed. In particular, methods of using the antagonists in the treatment of diseases or conditions including cardiovascular conditions, endocrine system and hormone disorders, cancer disorders, metabolic diseases, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, hematological disorders, neurological disorders and respiratory diseases are disclosed herein.

The present invention relates to novel nucleic acid molecules, called aptamers, that bind specifically to a small molecule fluorophore and thereby enhance the fluorescence signal of the fluorophore upon exposure to radiation of suitable wavelength. Molecular complexes formed between the novel fluorophores, novel nucleic acid molecules, and their target molecules are described, and the use of multivalent aptamer constructs as fluorescent sensors for target molecules of interest are also described.

The present invention relates to novel nucleic acid molecules, called aptamers, that bind specifically to a small molecule fluorophore and thereby enhance the fluorescence signal of the fluorophore upon exposure to radiation of suitable wavelength. Molecular complexes formed between the novel fluorophores, novel nucleic acid molecules, and their target molecules are described, and the use of multivalent aptamer constructs as fluorescent sensors for target molecules of interest are also described.

The present invention relates to a medicament for treating or preventing a disease involving Nav 1.7, specifically such neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, small-fiber neuropathy, erythromelalgia, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, dysuria, and multiple sclerosis, comprising a compound of formula (I) wherein R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, R.sup.1c, and R.sup.1d are hydrogen, halogen, cyano, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, etc., provided that at least one of R.sup.1a, R.sup.1b, R.sup.1c and R.sup.1d is the above C.sub.6-10 aryl, C.sub.6-10 aryloxy, etc., R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-10 cycloalkyl, etc., R.sup.4 is hydrogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-4cycloalkyl, etc., m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, L is CR.sup.7R.sup.8, R.sup.7 and R.sup.8 are hydrogen, hydroxy group, C.sub.1-4 alkyl, C.sub.1-4 alkoxy, etc., or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

##STR00001##

The application relates to a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00001##
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, prodrug, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, which modulates the activity of GLP-1 receptor, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), and a method of treating or preventing a disease in which GLP-1 receptor plays a role.

The invention provides heterocyclic compounds with quaternary centers and methods of preparing compounds. Methods include the method for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II): ##STR00001##
comprising treating a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00002##
with a transition metal catalyst and under alkylation conditions as valence and stability permit.

An organic compound represented by the following formula [1] or [2]:

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.1 to R.sub.22 independently denote a substituent selected from a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted silyl group, a cyano group, a trifluoromethyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, and a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, and/or R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 may be bonded together to form a ring structure.

The embodiments provide an acidic gas absorbent, an acidic gas removal method using the absorbent, and an acidic gas removal apparatus using the absorbent. The absorbent absorbs an acidic gas in a large amount and is hardly diffused. The acidic gas absorbent according to the embodiment comprises an amine compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001##