Compounds useful for the inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are provided herein, having the Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of aromatic or non-aromatic rings, bicyclic rings, polycyclic rings, alkenes or alkynes; B is H, OH, OR, SR, NH.sub.2, NHR, or alkyl; R is H or alkyl, and X and Y are independently N or CH, but one of X and Y must be N. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions that contain a Formula I compound and methods for the treatment of MIF-implicated diseases or conditions that include administering a safe and effective amount of a Formula I compound.

Compounds useful for the inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are provided herein, having the Formula I:

##STR00001##

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of aromatic or non-aromatic rings, bicyclic rings, polycyclic rings, alkenes or alkynes; B is H, OH, OR, SR, NH.sub.2, NHR, or alkyl; R is H or alkyl, and X and Y are independently N or CH, but one of X and Y must be N. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions that contain a Formula I compound and methods for the treatment of MIF-implicated diseases or conditions that include administering a safe and effective amount of a Formula I compound.

Provided are a nonaqueous electrolyte capable of providing a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device with reduced direct current resistance and an increased capacity retention ratio after charge-discharge cycles, a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device including such a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a method for producing such a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device. One mode of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte for an energy storage device, containing an additive represented by the following Formula (1) or Formula (2). In Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a group represented by —NR.sup.a.sub.2, —OR.sup.a, —SR.sup.a, etc., with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is a group represented by —OR.sup.a, —SR.sup.a, —COOR.sup.a, —COR.sup.a, —SO.sub.2R.sup.a, or —SO.sub.3R.sup.a. In Formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.7 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a group represented by —NR.sup.b.sub.2, —OR.sup.b, or —SR.sup.b, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.7 is a group represented by —SR.sup.b. ##STR00001##

Provided are a nonaqueous electrolyte capable of providing a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device with reduced direct current resistance and an increased capacity retention ratio after charge-discharge cycles, a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device including such a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a method for producing such a nonaqueous electrolyte energy storage device. One mode of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte for an energy storage device, containing an additive represented by the following Formula (1) or Formula (2). In Formula (1), R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a group represented by —NR.sup.a.sub.2, —OR.sup.a, —SR.sup.a, etc., with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 is a group represented by —OR.sup.a, —SR.sup.a, —COOR.sup.a, —COR.sup.a, —SO.sub.2R.sup.a, or —SO.sub.3R.sup.a. In Formula (2), R.sup.5 to R.sup.7 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a group represented by —NR.sup.b.sub.2, —OR.sup.b, or —SR.sup.b, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.5 to R.sup.7 is a group represented by —SR.sup.b. ##STR00001##

The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

A display apparatus according to an embodiment includes light-emitting devices and an encapsulation member, wherein the encapsulation member includes a light absorber including a hexagonal heterocycle containing two or more nitrogen atoms as ring-forming atoms, and first to third substituents substituted at the hexagonal heterocycle, the first to third substituents being different from one another, and thus can effectively block external light, thereby exhibiting improved reliability.

In one aspect, compounds of Formula A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, are featured (Formula A) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the variables shown in Formula A can be as defined anywhere herein.

##STR00001##

A new set of bench-stable fluoroalkylphosphines that directly convert C—H bonds in pyridine building blocks, drug-like fragments, and pharmaceuticals, into fluoroalkyl derivatives. No pre-installed functional groups or directing motifs are required. The reaction tolerates a variety of sterically and electronically distinct pyridines and is exclusively selective for the 4-position in most cases. The reaction proceeds via initial phosphonium salt formation followed by sp.sup.2-sp.sup.3 phosphorus ligand-coupling, an underdeveloped manifold for C—C bond formation.

A compound of formula (I) given below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is useful as an IDO/TDO inhibitor. Thus, the compound of formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be used as, for example, a therapeutic agent for a disease or a disorder selected from tumor, infectious disease, neurodegenerative disorder, cataract, organ transplant rejection, autoimmune disease, postoperative cognitive impairment, and disease related to women's reproductive health [in the following formula (I), ring A represents an aromatic ring, a heterocyclic ring, or a condensed ring of two or more rings selected from an aromatic ring, and a heterocyclic ring, wherein ring A is selected from the group consisting of a benzene ring, a naphthalene ring, a quinoxaline ring, a thiophene ring, an indole ring, a benzothiophene ring, an imidazole ring, a quinoline ring, a quinazoline ring, and a pyridine ring; X, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent a substituent on a ring atom constituting ring A, wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are bonded to adjacent ring atoms of ring A; m represents an integer of 1 or 2; X is a halogen atom, and when m is 2, each X is the same or different; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different; R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent a group represented from the following groups:

—(CH.sub.2).sub.n—Y—R.sup.4

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO.sub.2, and Se, n represents an integer of 1 to 8, R.sup.4 represents

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.41, R.sup.42 and R.sup.47 are the same and are a hydrogen atom

##STR00002##