A compound represented by formula I or II. X represents a mono substituent on a benzene ring, and is selected from —H, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, an amino, and a derivative thereof; R.sub.1 is a C.sub.2-10 alkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkyl substituted by cyclopropane or fluorine, except n-butyl; and M is an amine ion or metal ion.

A compound represented by formula I or II. X represents a mono substituent on a benzene ring, and is selected from —H, —I, —Br, —Cl, —F, —CN, an amino, and a derivative thereof; R.sub.1 is a C.sub.2-10 alkyl, C.sub.2-10 alkyl substituted by cyclopropane or fluorine, except n-butyl; and M is an amine ion or metal ion.

The invention provides glucocorticoid receptor antagonists for treatment of infection, neoplasia, and fatty liver disease.

The invention provides glucocorticoid receptor antagonists for treatment of infection, neoplasia, and fatty liver disease.

Described are methods for preparing a deuterated aldehyde using with a photocatalyst and a hydrogen atom transfer agent in a H.sub.2O free solvent comprising D.sub.2O and an organic solvent under an inert gas. The methods may be used to convert a wide variety of aldehydes (e.g., aryl, alkyl, or alkenyl aldehydes) to C-1 deuterated aldehydes under mild reaction conditions.

A diastereoselective method of preparing benzofuran-based 4,5-spirocycles via metal catalyzed alkenylation is described. The method can be used to provide compounds containing the benzofuranone-4,5-spirocyclic motif of the phainanoids, a class a natural products having immunosuppressive activity. Synthetic analogs of phainanoids, e.g., compounds that mimic the structure of the “western” part of the structure of the phainanoids and that contain the benzofuranone-4,5-spirocycle are described, as well as their synthetic intermediates, and their methods of synthesis.

A diastereoselective method of preparing benzofuran-based 4,5-spirocycles via metal catalyzed alkenylation is described. The method can be used to provide compounds containing the benzofuranone-4,5-spirocyclic motif of the phainanoids, a class a natural products having immunosuppressive activity. Synthetic analogs of phainanoids, e.g., compounds that mimic the structure of the “western” part of the structure of the phainanoids and that contain the benzofuranone-4,5-spirocycle are described, as well as their synthetic intermediates, and their methods of synthesis.

Methods are provided for modulating MRGPR X4 generally, or for treating a MRGPR X4 dependent condition more specifically, by contacting the MRGPR X4 or administering to a subject in need thereof, respectively, an effective amount of a compound having the structure of Formula (I):

##STR00001##

or a pharmaceutically acceptable isomer, racemate, hydrate, solvate, isotope, or salt thereof, wherein n, x, A, Q.sub.1, Q.sub.2, Z, R, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds, as well as to compounds themselves, are also provided.

The invention provides novel heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment that modulate levels of MIF expression and treat disorders associated with high or low levels of MIF expression.

The invention provides novel heterocyclic compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment that modulate levels of MIF expression and treat disorders associated with high or low levels of MIF expression.