An embodiment provides a method for measuring total chlorine in a solution, including: preparing a thiocarbamate indicator; introducing the thiocarbamate indicator to a solution, wherein the solution contains an amount of monochloramine; adding an additive to the solution, wherein the additive accelerates the reaction rate between the thiocarbamate indicator and monochloramine and causes a change in fluorescence of the solution; and measuring the amount of monochloramine in the solution by measuring an intensity of the fluorescence. Other aspects are described and claimed.

An embodiment provides a method for measuring total chlorine in a solution, including: preparing a thiocarbamate indicator; introducing the thiocarbamate indicator to a solution, wherein the solution contains an amount of monochloramine; adding an additive to the solution, wherein the additive accelerates the reaction rate between the thiocarbamate indicator and monochloramine and causes a change in fluorescence of the solution; and measuring the amount of monochloramine in the solution by measuring an intensity of the fluorescence. Other aspects are described and claimed.

An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises an emission layer and a fluorescent compound, wherein the fluorescent compound comprises a .sup.3n-*-to-.sup.1-* energy transition from a .sup.3n-* excited state to a .sup.1-* excited state, an energy level in a .sup.1n-* excited state of the fluorescent compound is greater than an energy level in the .sup.1-* excited state of the fluorescent compound, the fluorescent compound emits a fluorescent light by radiative energy transition of an exciton in the .sup.1-* excited state to a ground state, and the energy level in the .sup.1n-* excited state, the energy level in the .sup.1-* excited state, and the energy level in the .sup.3n-* excited state are each independently calculated by using a time dependent-Density Functional Theory method.

An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises an emission layer and a fluorescent compound, wherein the fluorescent compound comprises a .sup.3n-*-to-.sup.1-* energy transition from a .sup.3n-* excited state to a .sup.1-* excited state, an energy level in a .sup.1n-* excited state of the fluorescent compound is greater than an energy level in the .sup.1-* excited state of the fluorescent compound, the fluorescent compound emits a fluorescent light by radiative energy transition of an exciton in the .sup.1-* excited state to a ground state, and the energy level in the .sup.1n-* excited state, the energy level in the .sup.1-* excited state, and the energy level in the .sup.3n-* excited state are each independently calculated by using a time dependent-Density Functional Theory method.

The present invention discloses one-pot synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives using copper catalyst and sodium cyanide as the cyanide source for bringing in carbonylative coupling in a single step.

The present invention discloses one-pot synthesis of various carboxylic acid derivatives using copper catalyst and sodium cyanide as the cyanide source for bringing in carbonylative coupling in a single step.