Compositions that inhibit the HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) and methods of use thereof are provided. The disclosed compositions have inhibitory activity against Vif function and restore A3G enzymatic activity. The disclosed compositions may be used to treat and/or prevent infection and transmission of viruses (such as HIV), to inhibit the function of Vif in a cell, to inhibit viral infectivity in a cell, and to inhibit replication of a virus. Methods of identifying Vif inhibitors are also provided.

Compositions that inhibit the HIV-1 viral infectivity factor (Vif) and methods of use thereof are provided. The disclosed compositions have inhibitory activity against Vif function and restore A3G enzymatic activity. The disclosed compositions may be used to treat and/or prevent infection and transmission of viruses (such as HIV), to inhibit the function of Vif in a cell, to inhibit viral infectivity in a cell, and to inhibit replication of a virus. Methods of identifying Vif inhibitors are also provided.

An applicator according to one embodiment includes a housing having a tubular shape with one closed end, and configured to house an elastic member and a piston plate for transmitting biasing force of the elastic member to the microneedles, and release means configured to release the piston plate engaged in a manner resisting against the biasing force of the elastic member in the housing, to cause the piston plate to move toward an opening of the housing along an axial direction of the housing. The release means is configured, when the release means releases the engagement of the piston plate by moving toward the housing in the axial direction, to transmit force in a direction toward the opening to the housing.

A refining method of a midbody of latamoxef sodium includes: dissolving 7-amino-7-methoxy-3-(5-tetrazolyl)thiomethyl-1-oxa-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid in dichloromethane, and then dividing into a dichloromethane layer and a water layer; extracting the dichloromethane layer, adding a NaHCO.sub.3 solution to stir, and remaining an organic layer after stratification; stirring, crystallizing and filtering the organic layer in turn, to obtain a filtrate, preparing a second powder by stirring the filtrate under conditions of a catalyst and a normal temperature; preparing a first powder by extracting the water layer, dropping the hydrochloric acid to adjust a pH value thereof, performing crystal cultivation and suction filtration after performing cooling, and then performing vacuum drying; combining the first powder and the second powder to prepare the midbody of latamoxef sodium: 73-amino-7-methoxy-3-(5-tetrazolyl)thiomethyl-1-oxa-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, which has a yield of 95.6-96.8% and a purity of 99.2-99.5%.

An applicator according to one embodiment includes a housing having a tubular shape with one closed end, and configured to house an elastic member and a piston plate for transmitting biasing force of the elastic member to the microneedles, and release means configured to release the piston plate engaged in a manner resisting against the biasing force of the elastic member in the housing, to cause the piston plate to move toward an opening of the housing along an axial direction of the housing. The release means is configured, when the release means releases the engagement of the piston plate by moving toward the housing in the axial direction, to transmit force in a direction toward the opening to the housing.