Provided are: a nonaqueous electrolytic solution for a nonaqueous electrolytic solution battery including a positive electrode and a negative electrode that are capable of occluding and releasing metal ions, which nonaqueous electrolytic solution is characterized by containing a compound represented by Formula (1) along with an alkali metal salt and a nonaqueous solvent.

##STR00001##

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently ##STR00002##
wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is ##STR00003##
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently —H or

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently —H or ##STR00002##
wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is ##STR00003##
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H or

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

The method for producing a surface-modified base material according to the present invention includes a step of bringing a base material having a polar group present on a surface thereof into contact with a hydrosilane compound having a molecular structure A and having a SiH group composed of a silicon atom of the molecular structure A and a hydrogen atom bonded to the silicon atom in the presence of a borane catalyst so as to allow a dehydrocondensation reaction to take place between the base material and the compound, thereby forming the base material surface-modified with the molecular structure A. This production method is capable of surface-modifying a base material at a lower temperature in a shorter time than conventional methods and allows a wide variety of options for the form, type, and application of the base material, the mode of the modification reaction, and the type of the molecular structure with which the base material is surface-modified.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H or

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H or ##STR00002##
wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is ##STR00003##
of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods of making a phosphono paraffin comprising forming a reaction mixture by mixing a haloparaffin, a phosphite, and sodium iodide. Methods comprise heating the reaction mixture to form the phosphono paraffin. Aspects described herein further relate to a phosphono paraffin represented by formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein each instance of R.sup.1 is independently H

##STR00002##

wherein each instance of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is independently linear or branched C.sub.1-20 alkyl, C.sub.1-20 cycloalkyl, or aryl; the number of instances where R.sup.1 is

##STR00003##

of formula (I) is between about 2 and about 8; and n is an integer between 4 and 22.