Provided in this patent disclosure are two types of novel fluoro-monomers that can be polymerized for the fabrication of ion-exchange fluoropolymers. In addition, new proton-conductive zirconium-perfluorophosphonic acid fluoropolymer membranes that can reduce metal crossovers in redox flow batteries are also provided.

The present invention relates to a novel halo-(3-(phenylsulfonyl)prop-1-enyl)pyridine derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; a preparation method thereof; and an Nrf2 activator and a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating diseases induced by a decrease in Nrf2 activity, both of which comprise the same as an active ingredient.

The invention includes procedures for stereoselective β-acylation of carboxylic acids having a β-carbon atom. For example, stereoselective acylation procedures include the following reactions: (I) ##STR00001##

The invention includes procedures for stereoselective -acylation of carboxylic acids having a -carbon atom. For example, stereoselective acylation procedures include the following reactions: (I)

##STR00001##

Disclosed are novel conjugates and processes for the preparation thereof. A process for the preparation of alkene- or alkyne-phosohonothiolates and -phosphonates comprises the step of: reacting a compound of formula (I) with a thiol-containing molecule of formula (II) wherein represents an amino acid, a peptide, a protein, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, a saccharide, a polysaccharide, a polymer, an optionally substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.8-alkyl, an optionally substituted phenyl, or an optionally substituted aromatic 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic system; resulting in a compound of formula (III).

The present invention relates to novel hardeners for curing epoxy resins and to cure accelerants for the accelerated curing of epoxy resins comprising, in each case, at least one compound from the group of esters of phosphorus-containing acids according to Formula (I), wherein there applies to Formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein there applies to the radicals R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.6, X and indices m, n, p, simultaneously or independently of one another: R.sup.1, R.sup.2=simultaneously or independently of one another, hydrogen or alkyl, R.sup.3=alkyl, aryl, O-alkyl, O-aryl, O-alkylaryl or O-arylalkyl, R.sup.6=hydrogen, alkyl or NHC(O)NR.sup.1R.sup.2, X=oxygen or sulphur, m=1, 2 or 3, n=0, 1 or 2, wherein there applies: m+n=3 p=0, 1 or 2.

Described herein is an enzyme-mediated approach to bioconjugation at nanoparticle (NP) surfaces. This process is enabled by a new synthetic linker compatible with the covalent attachment of alkyne modified substrates, including dyes, peptides and nucleic acids. The methods described herein specifically allow for the linkage of molecules to a DNA-functionalized nanoparticle surface. Enzymatic ligation of molecules to the terminal hydroxyl group of DNA using T4 DNA ligase is achieved through incorporation of a single monophosphate on the approaching substrate. In contrast to previous strategies, the linkers disclosed herein are compatible with alkyne modified molecules of a variety of sizes and charges indicating that the ligase minimally requires the monophosphate and the incoming hydroxyl for conjugation to be successful.

Described herein is an enzyme-mediated approach to bioconjugation at nanoparticle (NP) surfaces. This process is enabled by a new synthetic linker compatible with the covalent attachment of alkyne modified substrates, including dyes, peptides and nucleic acids. The methods described herein specifically allow for the linkage of molecules to a DNA-functionalized nanoparticle surface. Enzymatic ligation of molecules to the terminal hydroxyl group of DNA using T4 DNA ligase is achieved through incorporation of a single monophosphate on the approaching substrate. In contrast to previous strategies, the linkers disclosed herein are compatible with alkyne modified molecules of a variety of sizes and charges indicating that the ligase minimally requires the monophosphate and the incoming hydroxyl for conjugation to be successful.

Described herein is an enzyme-mediated approach to bioconjugation at nanoparticle (NP) surfaces. This process is enabled by a new synthetic linker compatible with the covalent attachment of alkyne modified substrates, including dyes, peptides and nucleic acids. The methods described herein specifically allow for the linkage of molecules to a DNA-functionalized nanoparticle surface. Enzymatic ligation of molecules to the terminal hydroxyl group of DNA using T4 DNA ligase is achieved through incorporation of a single monophosphate on the approaching substrate. In contrast to previous strategies, the linkers disclosed herein are compatible with alkyne modified molecules of a variety of sizes and charges indicating that the ligase minimally requires the monophosphate and the incoming hydroxyl for conjugation to be successful.

An adduct of at least one isocyanatoalkyltrimethoxysilane with at least one flame retardant reactive with the isocyanatoalkyltrimethoxysilane is used in compositions and for coating plexiglass.