The present disclosure relates to compounds of formulas (A) and (I), pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and solvates of any of the foregoing, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, methods of preparing the same, intermediate compounds useful for preparing the same, and methods for treating or prophylaxis of diseases, in particular cancer, such as colorectal cancer, using the same.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a method for preparing glufosinate or analogues thereof.

A method for preparing the cyclic phosphonate compound of Formula I ##STR00001##
is described. The method significantly improves the stereoselectivity of the compound with the required configuration.

A near-infrared absorbing composition includes: an organic dye; and a metal compound. The organic dye includes: at least one of a squarylium dye (A) or a cyanine dye (B) each having an absorption maximum in a range of 680 to 740 nm; and a cyanine dye (C) having an absorption maximum at 760 nm or higher. The metal compound includes at least a phosphonic acid and a copper ion, or a copper phosphonate complex formed from a phosphonic acid and a copper ion.

A near-infrared absorbing composition includes: an organic dye; and a metal compound. The organic dye includes: at least one of a squarylium dye (A) or a cyanine dye (B) each having an absorption maximum in a range of 680 to 740 nm; and a cyanine dye (C) having an absorption maximum at 760 nm or higher. The metal compound includes at least a phosphonic acid and a copper ion, or a copper phosphonate complex formed from a phosphonic acid and a copper ion.

A method for preparing the cyclic phosphonate compound of Formula I

##STR00001##

is described. The method significantly improves the stereoselectivity of the compound with the required configuration.

A method for preparing the cyclic phosphonate compound of Formula I ##STR00001##
is described. The method significantly improves the stereoselectivity of the compound with the required configuration.

A method for preparing the cyclic phosphonate compound of Formula I

##STR00001##

is described. The method significantly improves the stereoselectivity of the compound with the required configuration.

A limonene-based flame-retardant compound, a method of making a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that includes a limonene-based flame-retardant compound are provided. In an embodiment, the method includes forming a limonene-based derivative; forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule; reacting the limonene-based derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a limonene-based flame-retardant compound; and forming a flame-retardant polymer from the limonene-based flame-retardant compound. In some embodiments, the limonene-based flame-retardant compound has variable functionality including vinyl, epoxide, methylene bridges, and thioethers.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.