The present invention relates to compounds of formula (I), or the tautomers or pharmacologically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, X, and Z have one of the meanings as defined in the specification, to the use of compounds of formula (I) as a medicament, to pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of formula (I), as well as to medicament combinations containing one or more compounds of formula (I).

##STR00001##

A process for preparing paramagnetic compounds is described. A paramagnetic compound made by the process is described, including its use in density-based analysis by MagLev.

A light emitting element includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed on the first electrode, and an emission part disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a first emission layer and a second emission layer disposed on the first emission layer, the first emission layer may include a first host, and a first dopant, and the second emission layer may include a hole transport host different from the first host, an electron transport host, and a second dopant. A first hole mobility of the first host may be in a range of about 5.0×10.sup.−6 cm.sup.2/Vs to about 1.0×10.sup.−3 cm.sup.2/Vs, a second hole mobility of a host mixture including the hole transport host and the electron transport host may be in a range of about 1.0×10.sup.−6 cm.sup.2/Vs to about 1.0×10.sup.−4 cm.sup.2/Vs, and the first hole mobility may be larger than the second hole mobility.

A nanocrystal capable of light emission includes a nanoparticle having photoluminescence having quantum yields of greater than 30%.

Disclosed is a method for linkage recovery of an organic acid in an aqueous organic acid solution. The method comprises: mixing a solution with an organic acid concentration lower than 20 wt % with a specific extractant and then subjecting same to counter-current extraction so as to obtain an extract phase and a raffinate phase; and subjecting the extract phase together with a solution with an acid concentration higher than 70 wt % to an azeotropic rectification so as to recover an organic acid. When the concentration of the aqueous organic acid solution is 20 wt %-70 wt %, the aqueous organic acid solution is extracted and concentrated to make the concentration of the aqueous organic acid solution higher than 70 wt %.

The present discovery pertains to the discovery of certain amphiphilic compounds that may be useful for the management of sebum secretion in subjects with acne, oily skin, or seborrheic dermatitis. These compounds are 1-dialkylphosphorylalkanes with the longest alkyl group being seven or more carbons. Preferably, a compound is dissolved in a dermatologically acceptable vehicle, and delivered to the skin in a solution, gel, lotion, cream, or ointment. The method of application may be with the surface of the finger, or via an applicator. The decrease is sebum secretion in certain subjects may result in skin conditions that enhance cosmetic appearance and ameliorate skin disorders.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I): ##STR00001##
or a stereoisomer, tautomer or salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds is also provided.

Provided is a method for purifying a phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt as a raw material or an intermediate that is useful to increase the purity of a target product in a method for producing an olefin compound and that can be applied to the production method, and a method for producing an olefin compound using a purified product obtained thereby.

Specifically, provided is a method for purifying a phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt, comprising reprecipitating and/or recrystallizing a solid comprising at least one phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt selected from the group consisting of: a phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt A represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 are each independently F, Cl, Br, I, or H; W.sup.+s are the same or different and each is a monovalent cation comprising PR.sub.3 or P(OR).sub.3, provided that Rs are groups having a saturated or unsaturated structure containing C and H, are optionally bonded together to form a ring, and optionally contain an atom other than C and H; three Rs included in R.sub.3 and (OR).sub.3 are optionally the same or different; and M.sup.− is a monovalent anion comprising an atom or a compound; and a phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt B represented by the following formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein X.sub.1, X.sub.2, W.sup.+, and M.sup.− are as defined above, and Y is F, Cl, Br, I, H, an alkyl group, an alkyl ether group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a fluoroalkyl ether group; in a solvent, thereby obtaining a purified product of the phosphorus-containing olefin compound salt.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I):

##STR00001##

or a stereoisomer, tautomer or salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, L.sup.l, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds is also provided.

Compounds useful as fluorescent or colored dyes are disclosed. The compounds have the following structure (I):

##STR00001##

or a stereoisomer, tautomer or salt thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, L.sup.1, L.sup.2, L.sup.3, L.sup.4, M.sup.1, M.sup.2, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds is also provided.