Embossing resins, methods of manufacturing such resins, and electrokinetic display system, which includes display cells containing such resins. The resins include a fluoropolymer in weight percentage 5%-60%, a difunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-30%, a monofunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-40%, a urethane diacrylate or functionalized nanoscale material, e.g., a functionalized urethane material, in weight percentage 5-50%, a photoinitiator in weight percentage 0.5-5%, and a surfactant in weight percentage less than 0.5%. The difunctional diluent may be Hexanediol Diacrylate, and the monofunctional diluent may be a monofunctional hydrocarbon. The resins are made by identifying a target index of refraction for a cured state thereof, and combining together, by weight percentage, the constituent components to produce the liquid state version of the embossing resin having a desired composite index of refraction.

To provide a membrane electrode assembly capable of forming a fuel cell excellent in power generation efficiency, and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. The membrane electrode assembly of the present invention comprises an anode having a catalyst layer containing a proton-conducting polymer and a catalyst, a cathode having a catalyst layer containing a proton-conducting polymer and a catalyst, and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the proton-conducting polymer contained in the catalyst layer of at least one of the anode and the cathode, is a polymer (H) having a cyclic ether structural unit and an ion exchange group, and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane contains a fluorinated polymer (S) having an ion exchange group; and the thickness of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is from 5 to 15 μm, and the ratio of the content M1 [mol %] of the cyclic ether structure unit to the thickness T1 [μm] of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is 4.5 or more.

An object of the present invention is to provide a photosensitive resin composition having good liquid repellency. The photosensitive resin composition of the present invention at least contains a fluororesin having a crosslinking site, a solvent, and a photopolymerization initiator, and the fluororesin contains a repeating unit derived from a hydrocarbon having a fluorine atom.

An object of the present invention is to provide a photosensitive resin composition having good liquid repellency. The photosensitive resin composition of the present invention at least contains a fluororesin having a crosslinking site, a solvent, and a photopolymerization initiator, and the fluororesin contains a repeating unit derived from a hydrocarbon having a fluorine atom.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.4—CR.sup.3R.sup.5—X-A, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6 and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant, a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant and a molded body including the composition.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.4—CR.sup.3R.sup.5—X-A, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6 and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant, a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant and a molded body including the composition.

Provided are a novel polymer having a structure derived from 1,2-difluoroethylene, and a production method thereof. A fluorine-containing polymer including a structural unit represented by a following general formula (1) partly or as a whole, and having a glass transition temperature of 100° C. or more;

##STR00001##

Provided are a novel polymer having a structure derived from 1,2-difluoroethylene, and a production method thereof. A fluorine-containing polymer including a structural unit represented by a following general formula (1) partly or as a whole, and having a glass transition temperature of 100° C. or more;

##STR00001##

To provide a method for producing a fluorinated polymer which does not require an emulsifier as an essential component while an aqueous medium with little environmental burden is used. A method for producing a fluorinated polymer, which comprises polymerizing at least one fluorinated polymer selected from tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, in an aqueous medium in the presence of a specific polymer having at least one type of units selected from units based on a compound represented by the formula (1) and units based on a compound represented by the formula (2) to produce a fluorinated polymer (provided that when tetrafluoroethylene is polymerized, tetrafluoroethylene is polymerized so that the content of units based on tetrafluoroethylene in the fluorinated polymer becomes less than 99 mass % to all units in the fluorinated polymer):

CXY═CR.sup.1—COO-(L-O).sub.n—R.sup.2  formula (1):

CXY═CR.sup.3—(O).sub.m—CH.sub.2—Z—R.sup.4  formula (2):

Disclosed is an antioxidant for a polymer electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell including cerium hydrogen phosphate (CeHPO.sub.4). The presence of cerium hydrogen phosphate in the antioxidant enhances the dissolution stability of cerium and improves the ability to capture water, leading to an increase in proton conductivity. In addition, the cerium hydrogen phosphate has a crystal structure composed of smaller cerium particles. This crystal structure greatly improves the ability of the antioxidant to prevent oxidation of the electrolyte membrane. Also disclosed are an electrolyte membrane including the antioxidant, a fuel cell including the electrolyte membrane, a method for preparing the antioxidant, a method for producing the electrolyte membrane, and a method for fabricating the fuel cell.