A method for assessing polymeric additive content A in a polymeric particle mixture may comprise determining a concentration B of a metal cation in a polymeric particle mixture comprising parent polymeric particles and polymeric additive particles, wherein the metal cation is selected from alkali earth metals and alkali metals, other than sodium (Na), and the metal cation is capable of forming a water-soluble base; determining a concentration C of the metal cation in the parent polymeric particles; determining a concentration D of the metal cation in the polymeric additive particles; and calculating a polymeric additive content A using formula A=(B−C)/D.

A method for assessing polymeric additive content A in a polymeric particle mixture may comprise determining a concentration B of a metal cation in a polymeric particle mixture comprising parent polymeric particles and polymeric additive particles, wherein the metal cation is selected from alkali earth metals and alkali metals, other than sodium (Na), and the metal cation is capable of forming a water-soluble base; determining a concentration C of the metal cation in the parent polymeric particles; determining a concentration D of the metal cation in the polymeric additive particles; and calculating a polymeric additive content A using formula A=(B−C)/D.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.4—CR.sup.3R.sup.5—X-A, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6 and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant, a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant and a molded body including the composition.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.4—CR.sup.3R.sup.5—X-A, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6 and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant, a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant and a molded body including the composition.

A process for preparing an acrylic emulsion resin is provided by introducing specific monomers at a certain time during an emulsion polymerization process, dispersion stability and adhesion properties of the acrylic emulsion resin are improved, thereby providing an aqueous acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive that not only has excellent initial adhesion but also has low viscosity and improved processability, and high adhesion holding power.

A process for preparing an acrylic emulsion resin is provided by introducing specific monomers at a certain time during an emulsion polymerization process, dispersion stability and adhesion properties of the acrylic emulsion resin are improved, thereby providing an aqueous acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive that not only has excellent initial adhesion but also has low viscosity and improved processability, and high adhesion holding power.

Various aspects of the present invention relate to cationic latex emulsions, methods of making the same, various materials including the cationic latex emulsion such as asphalt emulsions, and methods of making the asphalt emulsions. A cationic latex emulsion includes latex particles. The cationic latex emulsion includes an aqueous liquid emulsified with the latex particles. The cationic latex emulsion also includes a cationic surfactant that is a diquaternary ammonium surfactant.

Various aspects of the present invention relate to cationic latex emulsions, methods of making the same, various materials including the cationic latex emulsion such as asphalt emulsions, and methods of making the asphalt emulsions. A cationic latex emulsion includes latex particles. The cationic latex emulsion includes an aqueous liquid emulsified with the latex particles. The cationic latex emulsion also includes a cationic surfactant that is a diquaternary ammonium surfactant.

A method for producing a fluoropolymer which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a surfactant to provide a fluoropolymer, the surfactant being represented by the general formula (1): CR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.4—CR.sup.3R.sup.5—X-A, wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 are each H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.3 represents a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6 and at least one of R.sup.2 and R.sup.5 represents a group represented by the general formula: —X-A or a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R.sup.6; and A is the same or different at each occurrence and is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, or —OSO.sub.3M. Also disclosed is a surfactant for polymerization represented by the general formula (1), a method for producing a fluoropolymer using the surfactant and a composition including a fluoropolymer and the surfactant.

A process is provided for the polymerization of fluoromonomer to an dispersion of fluoropolymer particles in an aqueous medium in a polymerization reactor, by (a) providing the aqueous medium in the reactor, (b) adding the fluoromonomer to the reactor, (c) adding initiator to the aqueous medium, the combination of steps (b) and (c) being carried out essentially free of hydrocarbon-containing surfactant and resulting in the kickoff of the polymerization of the fluoromonomer, and (d) metering hydrocarbon-containing surfactant into the aqueous medium after the kickoff of polymerization, e.g. after the concentration of the fluoropolymer in the aqueous medium is at least 0.6 wt %, the metering being at a rate reducing the telogenic activity of said surfactant while maintaining surface activity.