New compositions of tissue-equivalent three-dimensional polymer gel dosimeters based on acrylamide (AAm), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA), diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and N-Vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) monomer with ethylene glycol co-solvent have been introduced in this invention for radiotherapy dosimetry. The dosimeter was irradiated with 6 and 15 MV linear accelerator at absorbed doses up to 10 Gy. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation rate (R.sub.2) for water proton surrounding polymer formation was used to investigate the degree of polymerization of the five gels. The effect of additives, dose rate, radiation energy, stability of the polymerization after irradiation, were investigated on the dose response of the gels.

New compositions of tissue-equivalent three-dimensional polymer gel dosimeters based on acrylamide (AAm), N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA), diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) and N-Vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) monomer with ethylene glycol co-solvent have been introduced in this invention for radiotherapy dosimetry. The dosimeter was irradiated with 6 and 15 MV linear accelerator at absorbed doses up to 10 Gy. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-spin relaxation rate (R.sub.2) for water proton surrounding polymer formation was used to investigate the degree of polymerization of the five gels. The effect of additives, dose rate, radiation energy, stability of the polymerization after irradiation, were investigated on the dose response of the gels.

The invention relates to a hydrogel based on vinyl caprolactam, with or without additional monomers, and at least two crosslinkers. The invention also relates to a method for obtaining said material and to the use thereof to culture cells/engineer cell monolayers, as well as supports for cell culture and transplant.

The invention relates to a hydrogel based on vinyl caprolactam, with or without additional monomers, and at least two crosslinkers. The invention also relates to a method for obtaining said material and to the use thereof to culture cells/engineer cell monolayers, as well as supports for cell culture and transplant.

A photoresponsive polymer includes a structural unit represented by the following general formula (1), the photoresponsive polymer being fluidized by light irradiation, and reversibly non-fluidized:

[Chemical formula 1]

R.sub.1—Z.sub.1═Z.sub.2—R.sub.2  General formula (1) in the formula, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 each represent CH or N, and Z.sub.1≠Z.sub.2, R.sub.1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent R.sub.a selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, and a halogen atom at each of two ortho positions with respect to Z.sub.1, R.sub.2 represents an aromatic heterocyclic group with or without a substituent, and at least one of the R.sub.1 and the R.sub.2 is bonded to a group containing a structure derived from a polymerizable group.

A photoresponsive polymer includes a structural unit represented by the following general formula (1), the photoresponsive polymer being fluidized by light irradiation, and reversibly non-fluidized:

[Chemical formula 1]

R.sub.1—Z.sub.1═Z.sub.2—R.sub.2  General formula (1) in the formula, Z.sub.1 and Z.sub.2 each represent CH or N, and Z.sub.1≠Z.sub.2, R.sub.1 represents an aromatic hydrocarbon group having a substituent R.sub.a selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, and a halogen atom at each of two ortho positions with respect to Z.sub.1, R.sub.2 represents an aromatic heterocyclic group with or without a substituent, and at least one of the R.sub.1 and the R.sub.2 is bonded to a group containing a structure derived from a polymerizable group.

The present invention includes compositions, methods, and methods of making and using a nanoscale discoidal membrane comprising: an amphiphilic membrane patch comprising self-assembled molecular amphiphiles capable of supporting one or more membrane proteins in the amphiphilic membrane patch; and one or more amphipathic scaffold macromolecules that encase the nanoscale discoidal membrane.

The present invention includes compositions, methods, and methods of making and using a nanoscale discoidal membrane comprising: an amphiphilic membrane patch comprising self-assembled molecular amphiphiles capable of supporting one or more membrane proteins in the amphiphilic membrane patch; and one or more amphipathic scaffold macromolecules that encase the nanoscale discoidal membrane.

Materials and methods for extracting metals from solutions, involving a polymer of Formula A are described: ##STR00001##
where each X is independently either S or O, and n is an integer greater than 1.

Materials and methods for extracting metals from solutions, involving a polymer of Formula A are described: ##STR00001##
where each X is independently either S or O, and n is an integer greater than 1.