Methods of carbohydrate acetylation are disclosed. A method may include adding a carbohydrate to a reaction vessel, adding poly-4-vinylpyriding (P4VP) to the reaction vessel, adding a bio-derived solvent to the reaction vessel, adding acetic anhydride (Ac20) to the reaction vessel, and adding a catalyst to the reaction vessel. The bio-derived solvent may be 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF). A catalyst may also be added to the reaction vessel.

A modified polymer includes a diene-based polymeric chain and at least one end terminated with a blocked isocyanate group. The blocked isocyanate group may be the reaction product of an isocyanate and a blocking agent, and the blocking agent is selected, such that the modified polymer deblocks at temperatures of at least 100 C. An aqueous emulsion of the modified polymer may be provided that may be surfactant-free. The emulsion may be combined with one or more latexes to provide a treatment solution for a fabric or fiber that does not require the use of resorcinol and formaldehyde. Once treated and dried, the fabric or fiber may be used to impart tensile strength to rubber products, such as tires, air springs, flexible couplings, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, and fluid routing hoses.

Some embodiments of the disclosure provide a polymer film used for a biosensor. The polymer film has a three-dimensional network structure formed by a natural high-molecular polymer and a synthetic high-molecular polymer by a plurality of crosslinking modes. The three-dimensional network structure includes a chemically crosslinked network and a reversible physically crosslinked network, the chemically crosslinked network being formed by covalent bond crosslinking and the reversible physically crosslinked network being formed by ionic bond crosslinking. The chemically crosslinked network has covalent bond crosslinking between the synthetic high-molecular polymers and covalent bond crosslinking between the natural high-molecular polymer and the synthetic high-molecular polymer. The physically crosslinked network has ionic bond crosslinking between natural high-molecular polymers.

A method for fractionating a liquid include contacting a liquid comprising at least one type of encapsulating particle with at least one mesoporous isoporous block copolymer material, wherein at least one component of the liquid is separated. A device for fractionating a liquid having encapsulating particles includes at least one mesoporous isoporous block copolymer material. The device can further include an inlet to allow the liquid to contact the mesoporous isoporous block copolymer material, and an outlet to allow passage of the fractionated liquid. In some instances, the device can be a pleated capsule, a flat sheet cassette, a spiral wound module, a hollow fiber module, a syringe filter, a microcentrifuge tube, a centrifuge tube, a spin column, a multiple well plate, a vacuum filter, a flat sheet, or a pipette tip.

A modified polymer includes a diene-based polymeric chain and at least one end terminated with a blocked isocyanate group. The blocked isocyanate group may be the reaction product of an isocyanate and a blocking agent, and the blocking agent is selected, such that the modified polymer deblocks at temperatures of at least 100 C. An aqueous emulsion of the modified polymer may be provided that may be surfactant-free. The emulsion may be combined with one or more latexes to provide a treatment solution for a fabric or fiber that does not require the use of resorcinol and formaldehyde. Once treated and dried, the fabric or fiber may be used to impart tensile strength to rubber products, such as tires, air springs, flexible couplings, power transmission belts, conveyor belts, and fluid routing hoses.

There is provided a carbon material dispersion which has excellent dispersibility and in which the dispersibility is retained stably over a long period of time even when the carbon material dispersion contains a carbon material at a high concentration. The carbon material dispersion is a carbon material dispersion containing a carbon material, water, and a polymeric dispersant, wherein the polymeric dispersant is a polymer including 5 to 40% by mass of a constituent unit (1) derived from a monomer 1, such as 2-vinylpyridine, 50 to 80% by mass of a constituent unit (2) derived from a monomer 2 represented by formula (1) (wherein R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom or the like, A represents O or NH, X represents an ethylene group or a propylene group, Y represents O, NHCOO, or NHCONH, each of R.sub.2 represents a hydrogen atom or the like, n represents 20 to 100, and R.sub.3 represents a hydrogen atom or the like), and 0.5 to 40% by mass of a constituent unit (3) derived from a monomer 3 copolymerizable with above-described monomers.

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An anion exchange membrane includes an anion exchange resin layer 3 reinforced with a backing material sheet 5. The anion exchange resin layer 3 includes an anion exchange resin that has as an anion exchange group a pyridinium group formed by protonation of a pyridyl group, and a vinyl chloride resin as a thickener. The backing material sheet 5 is made of a polyethylene woven fabric.

A resin composition for insulating coating material, comprises: a polyimide resin and/or a precursor thereof; and a polymer having a heterocyclic ring at a side chain, wherein the content of the polymer having a heterocyclic ring at a side chain is 0.1 to 7 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the polyimide resin and/or the precursor thereof. By adding a prescribed amount of the polymer having a heterocyclic ring at a side chain, there can be obtained a resin composition for insulating coating material still maintaining heat resistance and together having excellent bending resistance.

An ion-exchange membrane including a polymer such as vinylpyridine, styrene, poly(4-vinylpyridine), or a poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene) copolymer. The ion-exchange membrane also includes an ionic ligand-metal complex bonded to the vinylpyridine by a coordinate covalent bond. The ionic ligand-metal complex may include nickel-bipyridine. The ion-exchange membrane can be a free-standing membrane.

The present disclosure provides a coating composition for use in coating polyester film, polyimide film, polyvinyl chloride film, semi-embossed film, polyvinyl chloride film and like, comprises poly(4-vinyl pyridine), SU-8, a solution such as isopropyl alcohol, 1,4-dioxane. A simple universal solution-based coating method for fast surface modification of various substances by applying an effective amount of pyridine ligands to immobilize transitional metal ions that can behave as the catalyst of electroless copper plating for surface metallization while functioning as the adhesion-promoting layer between the substrate and deposited metal.