The invention relates to a membrane which contains crosslinked phosphonated pentafluorostyrene. The invention also relates to the use of a membrane or membrane electrodes containing crosslinked phosphonated pentafluorostyrene in an electrochemical cell at a temperature of 0 to 380° C. The invention also describes the use of a membrane or membrane electrodes containing non-crosslinked phosphonated pentafluorostyrene in an electrochemical cell at a temperature of 0 to 380° C. In addition, the invention discloses a nonwoven fabric containing phosphonated polypentafluorostyrene. The invention also relates to the use of the nonwoven fabric in a membrane or in a membrane electrode unit in electrochemical applications at temperatures up to 380° C.

A preparation method of composite materials having ion exchange function is provided. The method comprises the following steps: adding a trace of strong protonic acid and/or Lewis acid as a catalyst into the material during compounding, to allow nitrile groups of at least one nitrile group-containing ion exchange resin and nitrile groups of functional monomers grafted on the porous fluoropolymer membrane to form a triazine ring crosslinked structure.

Ion exchange membranes materials according to the present disclosure exhibit improved conductivity at low and intermediate relative humidity without sacrificing mechanical strength. Polymers are provided that include a backbone with one or more aryl groups, a halocarbyl group, and a halocarbyl side chain attached to the backbone, wherein the halocarbyl side chain includes a halide separated from the backbone by a hydrocarbyl chain, a hydrocarbyl ring, or combinations thereof. The halide is substituted with a tertiary amine and halide anions are then exchanged with hydroxide anions. The polymers are then contacted with phosphoric acid, which is deprotonated by the hydroxide ions, forming anions which enhance interactions with adjacent quaternary ammonium groups and induce excess phosphoric acid molecules to cluster around those quaternary ammonium groups. The membranes exhibit negligible dopant leaching even at high relative humidity.

A cation-exchange membrane including: layer (I) containing repeating units (A) each represented by formula (1) and repeating units (S) each containing a sulfonic acid-type ion-exchange group, wherein the mass proportion of repeating units (A) based on the total mass proportion of repeating units (A) and repeating units (S) being 100% by mass is 53% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less; and layer (II) containing a fluorine-containing polymer containing a carboxylic acid-type ion-exchange group and disposed on layer (I), wherein the water content of layer (I) is 26% or more and 35% or less:

CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2  (1)

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for CO.sub.x reduction and carbon dioxide reduction reactors (CRRs) that include MEAs.

The present inventive concept relates to a chemically modified anion exchange membrane and a method of preparing the same and, more particularly, an anion exchange membrane in which sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane are substituted with anion conductive groups such as ammonium group, phosphonium group, imidazolium group, pyridinium group and sulfonium group, and a method of preparing an anion exchange membrane by chemically modifying sulfonic acid groups in a perfluorinated sulfonic acid electrolyte membrane.

Provided herein are membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for CO.sub.x reduction and carbon dioxide reduction reactors (CRRs) that include MEAs.

The present disclosure relates to a conjugated polyelectrolyte-grafted membrane, which is obtained by fixing a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) capable of generating active oxygen under visible light irradiation to a membrane through crosslinking, and can remove contaminants in water, while reducing bio-fouling on the surface of the membrane, by generating active oxygen through a photocatalytic reaction of the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE), as well as to a method for manufacturing the same. The method for manufacturing a conjugated polyelectrolyte-grafted membrane includes the steps of: preparing a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE); coating a conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) on the surface of a membrane; and carrying out crosslinking of the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) with the surface of the membrane.

Disclosed are polyimide blends and methods of making and using same. The disclosed polyimide blends are prepared by first blending an ionic polymer and a poly(amic acid) to form a poly(amic acid) precursor, followed by cyclization. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

An anion exchange ionomer is disclosed that contains a fluorinated, ether-free backbone, and a fluorinated ether based quaternary ammonium functional group. The novel polymer has improved chemical and mechanical stability as compared to the state-of-the-art materials for incorporation in anion exchange membrane. The disclosed anion exchange ionomer may be incorporated into an anion exchange membrane and used in electrochemical applications.