To provide an aqueous ink composition for ballpoint pen having excellent ink discharge properties at the initial writing (initial touch) even after exposure of the pen tip for a long period of time. The aqueous ink composition for ballpoint pen contains at least 0.1 to 5% by mass of a graft compound of an allyl alcohol-maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer composed of: (a) a polyoxyalkylene alkyl ether unit represented by Formula (I), (b) a maleic anhydride unit, and (c) a styrene unit, the allyl alcohol-maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer having the composition ratio (a):(b):(c) of 25 to 75:25 to 75:0 to 50% by mol and having a mass average molecular weight from 1000 to 50000, and polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl alcohol; 5 to 40% by mass of resin particles; and water; wherein in Formula (I), R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbons, and m is a positive number of 5 to 50. ##STR00001##

A crosslinking material, the crosslinking material comprising the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising: (i) a cyclic unsaturated acid anhydride and/or diacid derivative thereof; (ii) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and (iii) an alcohol, amine and/or thiol,
wherein the cyclic unsaturated acid anhydride and/or diacid derivative thereof is partially-esterified by reaction with the alcohol, amine and/or thiol; and wherein the wherein the crosslinking material has an acid number of at least 100 mg KOH/g.

A crosslinking material, the crosslinking material comprising the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising: (i) a cyclic unsaturated acid anhydride and/or diacid derivative thereof; (ii) an ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and (iii) an alcohol, amine and/or thiol,
wherein the cyclic unsaturated acid anhydride and/or diacid derivative thereof is partially-esterified by reaction with the alcohol, amine and/or thiol; and wherein the wherein the crosslinking material has an acid number of at least 100 mg KOH/g.

A water treatment method including a removal step of removing a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I) from water containing the polymer (I):

CX.sup.1X.sup.3═CX.sup.2R(—CZ.sup.1Z.sup.2-A.sup.0).sub.m  (I)

wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF.sub.3; X.sup.2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A.sup.0 is an anionic group; R is a linking group; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more. Further, the number average molecular weight of the polymer (I) to 0.3×10.sup.4 or more. Also disclosed is a composition including the polymer (I) containing the polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by general formula (I), and where the composition has a content of the polymer (I) of 250 ppm or less.

A water treatment method including a removal step of removing a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I) from water containing the polymer (I):

CX.sup.1X.sup.3═CX.sup.2R(—CZ.sup.1Z.sup.2-A.sup.0).sub.m  (I)

wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF.sub.3; X.sup.2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; A.sup.0 is an anionic group; R is a linking group; Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more. Further, the number average molecular weight of the polymer (I) to 0.3×10.sup.4 or more. Also disclosed is a composition including the polymer (I) containing the polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by general formula (I), and where the composition has a content of the polymer (I) of 250 ppm or less.

A method of making a porous structure is described herein. The method includes combining a hard material comprising a carbonaceous material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof, with a polymer blend to provide a mixture; and heating the mixture to a temperature effective to template the hard material, degrade the polymer blend and provide the porous structure comprising the hard material. Porous structures having a a solid continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase are also provided.

A method of making a porous structure is described herein. The method includes combining a hard material comprising a carbonaceous material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof, with a polymer blend to provide a mixture; and heating the mixture to a temperature effective to template the hard material, degrade the polymer blend and provide the porous structure comprising the hard material. Porous structures having a a solid continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase are also provided.

A method of making a porous structure is described herein. The method includes combining a hard material comprising a carbonaceous material, an inorganic material, or a combination thereof, with a polymer blend to provide a mixture; and heating the mixture to a temperature effective to template the hard material, degrade the polymer blend and provide the porous structure comprising the hard material. Porous structures having a a solid continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase are also provided.

A lens including a flexible refractive optic having a fixed refractive index, an electro-active element embedded within the flexible refractive optic, wherein the electro-active element has an alterable refractive index, and a controller electrically connected to the electro-active element wherein when power is applied thereto the refractive index of the electro-active element is altered.

A lens including a flexible refractive optic having a fixed refractive index, an electro-active element embedded within the flexible refractive optic, wherein the electro-active element has an alterable refractive index, and a controller electrically connected to the electro-active element wherein when power is applied thereto the refractive index of the electro-active element is altered.