A method includes positioning a porous structure in a pressure cell; injecting an inert pressure medium within the pressure cell; and pressurizing the pressure cell to a pressure that thermodynamically favors a crystalline phase of the porous structure over an amorphous phase of the porous structure to transition the amorphous phase of the porous structure into the crystalline phase of the porous structure.

A method includes positioning a porous structure in a pressure cell; injecting an inert pressure medium within the pressure cell; and pressurizing the pressure cell to a pressure that thermodynamically favors a crystalline phase of the porous structure over an amorphous phase of the porous structure to transition the amorphous phase of the porous structure into the crystalline phase of the porous structure.

A composition may include a base or matrix material, such as a resin, and a first optical brightener. The first optical brightener may include an alkaline earth metal compound and a fluorescence activator. The composition may include less than or equal to about 1.5 wt % of a second optical brightener relative to the weight of the composition, wherein the second optical brightener does not include the fluorescence activator. A composition may include an aqueous base and an optical brightener. The optical brightener may include an alkaline earth metal carbonate and a fluorescence activator, wherein the optical brightener is configured to emit fluorescent light. A composition may include a first optical brightener. The first optical brightener may include an alkaline earth compound, such as an alkaline earth metal salt, and a fluorescence activator, wherein, for a given brightness of a product including the composition, the composition including the first optical brightener may include less of a second optical brightener different from the first optical brightener.

A composition may include a base or matrix material, such as a resin, and a first optical brightener. The first optical brightener may include an alkaline earth metal compound and a fluorescence activator. The composition may include less than or equal to about 1.5 wt % of a second optical brightener relative to the weight of the composition, wherein the second optical brightener does not include the fluorescence activator. A composition may include an aqueous base and an optical brightener. The optical brightener may include an alkaline earth metal carbonate and a fluorescence activator, wherein the optical brightener is configured to emit fluorescent light. A composition may include a first optical brightener. The first optical brightener may include an alkaline earth compound, such as an alkaline earth metal salt, and a fluorescence activator, wherein, for a given brightness of a product including the composition, the composition including the first optical brightener may include less of a second optical brightener different from the first optical brightener.

A method for preparing fluorescent carbon quantum dots by using gas-liquid two-phase plasma is provided, which relates to the field of fluorescent carbon quantum technology. On the basis of liquid phase plasma, an inert gas is introduced to generate plasma by a gas-liquid two-phase discharge method. The introduction of inert gas facilitates the formation of discharge channels, reduces the difficulty of product synthesis, improves mass transfer rates of active particles, helps to improve synthesis rates of carbon nano-products, increases discharge contact area and enhances discharge stability. A high reaction efficiency and a short time consumption can be realized. A pulsed power supply is adopted for discharge, which has lower energy consumption compared with the direct current discharge. Moreover, the process is simple, raw materials are easy to obtain, and there is no need for catalysts, strong oxidants or strong corrosives, so the purity of the product maybe higher.

A method for preparing fluorescent carbon quantum dots by using gas-liquid two-phase plasma is provided, which relates to the field of fluorescent carbon quantum technology. On the basis of liquid phase plasma, an inert gas is introduced to generate plasma by a gas-liquid two-phase discharge method. The introduction of inert gas facilitates the formation of discharge channels, reduces the difficulty of product synthesis, improves mass transfer rates of active particles, helps to improve synthesis rates of carbon nano-products, increases discharge contact area and enhances discharge stability. A high reaction efficiency and a short time consumption can be realized. A pulsed power supply is adopted for discharge, which has lower energy consumption compared with the direct current discharge. Moreover, the process is simple, raw materials are easy to obtain, and there is no need for catalysts, strong oxidants or strong corrosives, so the purity of the product maybe higher.

A method for synthesizing fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped fluorescent CQDs and applications are provided. Firstly, a mixture of leaf powder and deionized water is subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 200-240° C. to obtain a product A, followed by removing by-products in it and drying to obtain fluorescent CQDs; nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped fluorescent CQDs are obtained by replacing the product A with a product B and treating the product B in a same way as the product A, where product B is obtained as follows: a mixed system of leaf powder, urea phosphate and deionized water is subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 200-240° C. with a mass ratio of urea phosphate to leaf powder as less than or equal to 0.2 to obtain the product B.

A method for synthesizing fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped fluorescent CQDs and applications are provided. Firstly, a mixture of leaf powder and deionized water is subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 200-240° C. to obtain a product A, followed by removing by-products in it and drying to obtain fluorescent CQDs; nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped fluorescent CQDs are obtained by replacing the product A with a product B and treating the product B in a same way as the product A, where product B is obtained as follows: a mixed system of leaf powder, urea phosphate and deionized water is subjected to hydrothermal reaction at 200-240° C. with a mass ratio of urea phosphate to leaf powder as less than or equal to 0.2 to obtain the product B.

Disclosed herein are graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compounds or polymers, and methods of making and using. Also described herein are tagged compositions including an industrial water source treatment compound or polymer combined with a graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The tagged materials are tailored to fluoresce at wavelengths with minimized correspondence to the natural or “background” fluorescence of irradiated materials in industrial water sources, enabling quantification of the concentration of the water source treatment compound or polymer in situ by irradiation and fluorescence measurement of the water source containing the tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The fluorescence measurement methods are similarly useful to quantify mixtures of tagged and untagged water source treatment compounds or polymers present in an industrial water source.

Disclosed herein are graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compounds or polymers, and methods of making and using. Also described herein are tagged compositions including an industrial water source treatment compound or polymer combined with a graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The tagged materials are tailored to fluoresce at wavelengths with minimized correspondence to the natural or “background” fluorescence of irradiated materials in industrial water sources, enabling quantification of the concentration of the water source treatment compound or polymer in situ by irradiation and fluorescence measurement of the water source containing the tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The fluorescence measurement methods are similarly useful to quantify mixtures of tagged and untagged water source treatment compounds or polymers present in an industrial water source.