Herein are described two-dimensional metal organic frameworks (2D MOFs). The 2D MOFs includes a plurality of multivalent metals or metal ions and a plurality of multidentate ligands arranged to form a crystalline structure having a lateral size of at least about 2.5 μm and a thickness of less than about 5 nm. Herein are also described methods for preparing the 2D MOFs. The 2D MOFs can be used, for example, in electrochromic devices such as smart windows and flexible displays.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a fine fluorescent particle, which does not cause concentration quenching and has low ecotoxicity. Specifically, the present invention relates to a fine fluorescent particle containing an AIE-active compound, the particle consisting of a network polymer, wherein the fine fluorescent particle is characterized in that the AIE-active compound is, for example, a compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein E represents silicon or germanium; R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which are the same or different, each represent a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group; and R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6, which are the same or different, each represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group.

A polymer containing an optionally substituted repeat unit of formula (I) wherein each R is the same or different and represents H or an electron withdrawing group, and each R.sup.1 is the same or different and represents a substituent. ##STR00001##

A photon multiplying material containing a luminescent material having organic semiconductor molecules capable of singlet fission attached thereto, wherein the organic semiconductor molecules are chemically attached to the luminescent material by a linking group and wherein the linking group and the band gap of the luminescent material are selected so that exciton triplet states formed by singlet fission in the attached organic semiconductor molecules can be energy transferred into the luminescent material.

Ordered structures composed of a plurality of self-assembled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers, and processes of generating same are provided. The plurality of PNA monomers includes modified PNA monomers which are N-protected PNA monomers and/or which feature at least one aromatic moiety attached to a backbone, a nucleobase and/or a nucleobase linkage unit of the PNA monomer. Tunable photonic crystals formed of the provided ordered structures, uses thereof and articles-of-manufacturing containing same are also provided.

Various photocrosslinkable electrochromic polymers are disclosed. The polymers are suitable for an electrochromic layer of an electrochromic device. The polymers are formed with a two-step synthesis method that includes forming a polymer precursor with one or more chromophore blocks, and mixing the polymer precursor with photocrosslinkable monomer units to form the polymer.

A color converter may include a polymeric matrix material and at least one organic fluorescent colorant of formula I.a, I.b, and/or I.c

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, R.sup.7 are H, C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl or C.sub.6-C.sub.14-aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkylene; R.sup.4a, R.sup.4b are fluorine, chlorine, cyano or OR.sup.10, R.sup.8a, R.sup.8b are C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl; R.sup.8c is C.sub.1-C.sub.20-alkyl, C.sub.6-C.sub.10-aryl or C.sub.6-C.sub.10-aryl-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkylene, wherein the aryl moieties being optionally substituted by k substituents R.sup.9; k is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; R.sup.9 is C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl, C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkoxy, CN, halogen, phenyl or phenoxy; and R.sup.10 is C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl or hydroxy-C.sub.1-C.sub.10-alkyl. Backlight units for liquid crystal displays; liquid crystal display devices, and a self-emissive display devices may include this color converter and such colorant.

Herein are described two-dimensional metal organic frameworks (2D MOFs). The 2D MOFs includes a plurality of multivalent metals or metal ions and a plurality of multidentate ligands arranged to form a crystalline structure having a lateral size of at least about 2.5 μm and a thickness of less than about 5 nm. Herein are also described methods for preparing the 2D MOFs. The 2D MOFs can be used, for example, in electrochromic devices such as smart windows and flexible displays.

Various photocrosslinkable electrochromic polymers are disclosed. The polymers are suitable for an electrochromic layer of an electrochromic device. The polymers are formed with a two-step synthesis method that includes forming a polymer precursor with one or more chromophore blocks, and mixing the polymer precursor with photocrosslinkable monomer units to form the polymer.

A photon multiplying material comprising a luminescent material having organic semiconductor molecules capable of singlet fission attached thereto, wherein the organic semiconductor molecules are chemically attached to the luminescent material by a linking group and wherein the linking group and the band gap of the luminescent material are selected so that exciton triplet states formed by singlet fission in the attached organic semiconductor molecules can be energy transferred into the luminescent material.