Copolymers including dioxythiophene repeating units and no acceptor units allow the formation of electrochromic polymers (ECPs) with vivid neutral state colors and very colorless oxidized states that can be switched rapidly. The dioxythiophene repeating units can included in sequences where all of one type of dioxythiophene is included exclusively as isolated dyads or triads within the copolymer, or the copolymer can be an alternating copolymer with propylenedioxythiophene units. Other non-acceptor units can be included in the copolymers. The copolymers are rendered organic solvent soluble by alkyl substituents on repeating units. The inclusion of sterically encumbered acyclic dioxythiophene (AcDOT) units promotes red color while unsubstituted ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units promote blue colors, and their respective content can be manipulated to achieve a desired neutral state color. Soluble copolymers comprising at least 50% EDOT repeating units can be used in supercapacitor applications.

Yellow electrochromic polymers (ECPs) are prepared that display a yellow neutral state and a highly transmissive oxidized state. The ECPs are copolymers where a dyad of dioxyhetereocyclic repeating unis alternate with a monad of an aromatic repeating unit. An alternate yellow ECP has an oxidation potential of 450 mV or less and is an alternating copolymer of an acyclic dioxythiophene (AcDOT) or a propylene dioxythiophene (ProDOT) with an aromatic repeating unit that has an electron donating substituent. The yellow ECPs can be processed from solution for electrochromic devices.

OLED materials having the formula: T-A(-S-B(-P-B)m-S-A)n-T where A are independently selected rod-shaped, rigid molecular core units, S are independently selected flexible spacer units, B are polymerisable crosslinking groups independently selected, P are spacer groups independently selected, T are independently selected end groups, m are independently selected from values of from 1 to 4, n is equal to I to 3.

The present disclosure provides for the development and applications of monomeric, oligomeric and/or polymeric semiconductor materials comprising a five-membered heteroaromatic unit (e.g., thiophene; furan; selenophene; etc.) that includes an acrylyl or an acrylyl-like (—C═C—CO—) side chain. The semiconductor materials can be used as organic semiconductors for use in electronic, optical, or optoelectronic devices such as organic thin film transistors and organic photovoltaics. The disclosed semiconductor materials (e.g., semiconducting polymer compounds) can be used as high performance semiconductors (e.g., for organic solar cells or organic photovoltaics (OPVs)), and the disclosed semiconductor materials can be used for other devices (e.g., organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) and sensors, etc.).

An electrochromic polymer is comprised of a repeat unit comprising one or more meta-conjugated linkers (MCLs) and one or more aromatic moieties (Ars). Each of the one or more MCLs is partially conjugated with the one or more Ars at meta positions of the MCLs to form a polymer backbone of the electrochromic polymer. The electrochromic polymer undergoes an optical switching and a color change in an electrochromic device, which shows a high transparency and a high optical contrast.

A particle having an inorganic matrix material and a light-emitting polymer wherein the light-emitting polymer has a light-emitting group and a host repeat unit, wherein a bandgap of the host repeat unit is greater than that of the light-emitting group, wherein the light-emitting group makes up no more than 10 mol % of the groups of the light-emitting polymer and wherein the polymer has a solubility in water or a Ci-s alcohol at 20° C. of at least 0.1 mg/mL.

Provided are a compound capable of improving the light-emitting efficiency, stability, and lifespan of an element; an organic electronic element using the same; and an electronic device thereof.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to yellow/orange-to-transmissive conjugated polymers, a method to prepare the yellow/orange conjugated polymers, and an electrochromic and/or electroluminescent device comprising the neutral state yellow/orange conjugated polymers as one of a plurality of primary subtractive colored conjugated polymers. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers show enhanced redox stability and can have a (D.sub.2Ar.sub.z).sub.n structure with a dioxyheterocycle repeating unit or a (DAr.sub.z).sub.n structure with a dioxythiophene monomer that has at least one substituted carbon α to an oxygen of the monomer; and where the one to three Ar groups have at least one carbon α to the carbon attached to a D unit substituted that has at least 5 atoms in the substituent. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers show enhanced redox stability. The yellow/orange conjugated polymers are prepared by cross-condensation reactions.

Provided is a method for producing a π-conjugated polymer capable of suppressing an increase in dark current of an organic photoelectric conversion element even if the method includes a purification step including heating. A method for producing a π-conjugated polymer includes: step (I) of heating and dissolving a crude π-conjugated polymer in a solvent to obtain a polymer solution; and step (II) of precipitating a π-conjugated polymer from the polymer solution. In step (I), the content of peroxide in the solvent is 0.1% or less in terms of a relative area ratio measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the electron spin concentration of the π-conjugated polymer is 30×10.sup.16 Spin/g or less and/or 2.5 times or less the electron spin concentration of the crude π-conjugated polymer.

An all-donor black color electrochromic polymer is disclosed as well as a method for preparing the all-donor black color electrochromic polymer. The electrochromic polymer comprises conjugated polymers, and the conjugated polymers are chemically linked, or physically blended, or both.