Provided is a process capable of converting the cokes on spent catalysts in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process into synthesis gas. The produced synthesis gas contains high concentrations of CO and H.sub.2 and may be utilized in many downstream applications such as syngas fermentation for alcohol production, hydrogen production and synthesis of chemical intermediates. A reducer/regenerator reactor for a fluid catalytic process comprising a chemical looping system to produce synthesis gas is also described.

Methods and systems to achieve clean fuel processing systems in which carbon dioxide emissions (1) from sources (2) may be processed in at least one processing reactor (4) containing a plurality of chemoautotrophic bacteria (5) which can convert the carbon dioxide emissions into biomass (6) which may then be used for various products (21) such as biofuels, fertilizer, feedstock, or the like. Sulfate reducing bacteria (13) may be used to supply sulfur containing compounds to the chemoautotrophic bacteria (5).

Methods and apparatus for processing hydrocarbon and other feedstocks that contain lighter volatile component(s) along with heavier volatile or non-volatile component(s) and/or contaminant(s). The principal benefit being that a feedstock can be processed and separated into its distinct volatile components down to elemental and/or molecular levels, including the ability to handle the heaviest tars and bitumen within the system. This effectively provides onsite value add to the feedstock resource (minus the waste streams such as water, sulfur, or sand; which may have value as isolated components in their own right). The system is robust and can include innovative hardware, methods, and/or software. The system can isolate water, chemical, various hydrocarbon, and particle contaminants of arbitrary concentrations and sizes. These factors provide for significant increases in processing efficiencies and capabilities in the fields of refining and environmental recovery. In a variety of operating scenarios, near-zero emissions can be achieved while processing.

The present invention relates to a method of subjecting a biomass feedstock to hydropyrolysis, the method at least comprising the steps of: a) supplying a biomass feedstock and a fluidizing gas comprising hydrogen to a bulk reactor zone of a fluidized bed reactor containing a deoxygenating catalyst; b) subjecting the biomass feedstock in the bulk reactor zone of the fluidized bed reactor to a hydropyrolysis reaction by contacting the biomass feedstock with the deoxygenating catalyst in the presence of the fluidizing gas, thereby obtaining a hydropyrolysis reactor output comprising at least one non-condensable gas, a partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis product and char; wherein the bulk reactor zone is cooled by means of a cooling fluid flowing through a plurality of tubes running through the bulk reactor zone, the plurality of tubes having inlets into and outlets from the bulk reactor zone; and wherein the cooling fluid flowing in the tubes at the point (‘A’) where the biomass feedstock enters the bulk reactor zone has a temperature of at least 320° C., preferably at least 340° C., more preferably at least 350° C., even more preferably at least 370° C., yet even more preferably at least 380° C.

In a process for separating carbon dioxide from a waste gas (3) of a fluid bed catalytic cracking installation (1) containing carbon dioxide, nitrogen and possibly carbon monoxide, the waste gas (3) is separated by adsorption to form a gas enriched in carbon dioxide and depleted in nitrogen (29) and a gas rich in nitrogen and depleted in carbon dioxide (31), and at least a portion of the gas enriched in carbon dioxide and depleted in nitrogen is separated in a separation device (30) by way of separation at a temperature of less than 0° C. by partial condensation and/or by distillation to form a fluid rich in carbon dioxide (35) and a fluid depleted in carbon dioxide (37).

An H.sub.2-rich fuel gas production plant comprising a syngas production unit can be advantageously integrated with an olefins production plant comprising a steam cracker in at least one of the following: (i) fuel gas supply and consumption; (ii) feed supply and consumption; and (iii) steam supply and consumption, to achieve considerable savings in capital and operational costs, enhanced energy efficiency, and reduced CO.sub.2 emissions, compared to operating the plants separately.

A reactor system for thermally treating a hydrocarbon-containing stream, that includes a pressure containment vessel comprising an interior chamber defined by a first end, a second end, and at least one side wall extending from the first end to the second end; and a ceramic heat transfer medium that converts electrical current to heat and is positioned within the interior chamber of the pressure containment vessel, wherein the heat transfer medium comprises an electrical resistor, an electrical lead line configured to provide electrical current to the heat transfer medium, a first end face, a second end face, and channels extending between the first end face and the second end face.

An abrupt interface electroreduction catalyst includes a porous gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer providing a sharp reaction interface. The electroreduction catalyst can be used for converting CO.sub.2 into a target product such as ethylene. The porous gas diffusion layer can be hydrophobic and configured for contacting gas-phase CO.sub.2 while the catalyst layer is disposed on and covers a reaction interface side of the porous gas diffusion layer. The catalyst layer has another side contacting an electrolyte and can be hydrophilic, composed a metal such as Cu and is sufficiently thin to prevent diffusion limitations of the reactant in the electrolyte and enhance selectivity for the target product. The electroreduction catalyst can be made by vapor deposition methods and can be used for electrochemical production of ethylene in reaction system.

Processes and facilities for producing recycled chemical products from waste plastic are described herein. The processes include treating process streams, such as a pyrolysis gas stream and/or at least a portion of a cracker furnace effluent stream, in a caustic scrubber process to remove certain components, such as carbon dioxide. The spent caustic solution from the caustic scrubber process is then recycled and reused in other caustic processes within the facility, which can include a halogen neutralization process from removing halogens from a liquification process off-gas.

Systems and methods to provide low carbon intensity (CI) transportation fuels through one or more targeted reductions of carbon emissions based upon an analysis of carbon emissions associated with a combination of various options for feedstock procurement, feedstock refining, processing, or transformation, and fuel product distribution pathways to end users. Such options are selected to maintain the total CI (carbon emissions per unit energy) of the transportation fuel below a pre-selected threshold that defines an upper limit of CI for the transportation fuel.