The hydrogenation capacity of an upflow hydrocarbon hydrotreatment reactor is increased by expanding the gas-liquid contact surface.

Systems and methods for producing light olefins and BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene). Crude oil is first separated to produce light naphtha and heavy naphtha. Light naphtha is fed to a steam cracking unit and heavy naphtha is fed to a catalytic cracking unit. The effluent from the steam cracking unit and the effluent from the catalytic cracking unit are flowed into an oil quench tower and are further separated in a separation unit to produce an ethylene stream, a propylene stream, and a BTX stream. The C.sub.4 hydrocarbons, ethane, and propane from the effluent of the steam cracking unit and the effluent from the catalytic cracking unit are recycled to the steam cracking unit. The non-BTX C.sub.6+ hydrocarbons from the effluent of the steam cracking unit and the effluent from the catalytic cracking unit are recycled to the catalytic cracking unit.

The present invention addresses to a process for the integrated production of H.sub.2 and aviation kerosene from renewable raw materials aiming at reducing CO.sub.2 emissions and consequently bringing benefits to reduce the impact of global warming on the planet. The process involves a hydrotreatment section to obtain n-paraffins followed by a hydroisomerization section to produce isoparaffins. The water and light hydrocarbons obtained in the isoparaffin production process are used for the production of H.sub.2 by the steam reforming process. An alcohol, such as ethanol or glycerin, with less than 6 carbon atoms, is fed into the hydrotreating section to make up the light hydrocarbon stream used in the production of renewable hydrogen.

A method of upgrading an overflash stream from a vacuum distillation unit comprising the steps of separating the overflash stream from an atmospheric residue stream, the overflash stream comprises an overflash fraction having a T10% between 475 and 530° C. and a T90% between 600 and 700° C.; introducing the reactor feed to a supercritical reactor at a temperature between 380° C. and 500° C. and a pressure between 25 MPa and 30 MPa; maintaining upgrading reactions in the supercritical reactor to upgrade the overflash fraction such that a reactor effluent comprises upgraded hydrocarbons relative to the overflash fraction; reducing a temperature of a reactor effluent in a cooling device to produce a cooled stream; reducing a pressure of the cooled stream in a depressurizing device to produce a discharged stream; and separating the discharged stream in a gas-liquid separator to produce a liquid phase product.

A method of producing liquid fuel and/or chemicals from a carbonaceous material entails combusting a conditioned syngas in pulse combustion heat exchangers of a steam reformer to help convert carbonaceous material into first reactor product gas which includes carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. A portion of the first reactor product gas is transferred to a hydrogen reformer into which additional conditioned syngas is added and a reaction carried out to produce an improved syngas. The improved syngas is then subject to one or more gas clean-up steps to form a new conditioned syngas. A portion of the new conditioned syngas is recycled to be used as the conditioned syngas in the pulse combustion heat exchangers and in the hydrocarbon reformer. A system for carrying out the method include, a steam reformer, a hydrocarbon reformer, first and second gas-cleanup systems, a synthesis system and an upgrading system.

Provided is a process capable of converting the cokes on spent catalysts in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process into synthesis gas. The produced synthesis gas contains high concentrations of CO and H.sub.2 and may be utilized in many downstream applications such as syngas fermentation for alcohol production, hydrogen production and synthesis of chemical intermediates. A reducer/regenerator reactor for a fluid catalytic process comprising a chemical looping system to produce synthesis gas is also described.

A process to efficiently convert organic feedstock material into liquid non-oxygenated hydrocarbons in the C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 carbon skeleton range is disclosed. The process can utilize gaseous, liquid or solid organic feedstocks containing carbon, hydrogen and, optionally, oxygen. The feedstock may require preparation of the organic feedstock for the process and is converted first into a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas is then cleaned and conditioned and extraneous components removed, leaving substantially only the carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is then converted via a series of chemical reactions into the desired liquid hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons are suitable for combustion in a vehicle engine and may be regarded a replacement for petrol made from fossil fuels in the C.sub.5 to C.sub.2 carbon backbone range. The process also recycles gaseous by-products back through the various reactors of the process to maximize the liquid hydrocarbon in the C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 carbon skeleton range yield.

The present application relates to a process for production of hydrocarbons comprising the steps of —converting a feed stream comprising alcohols, ethers or mixtures hereof over a metal-containing zeolite based catalyst, active in dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons, in a conversion step thereby obtaining a conversion effluent, —separating said effluent to obtain an aqueous process condensate stream, a liquid hydrocarbon stream and a gaseous stream, —removing part of the hydrogen formed in the conversion step, and recycling at least part of the gaseous and/or liquid hydrocarbon stream to the conversion step.

The invention relates to a method for recovering hydrocarbons from plastic wastes, in particular polyolefin-rich waste, by means of purely thermolytic cracking without the use of catalysts, comprising melting the plastic waste in two heating devices (3) and (4), wherein a recycle stream derived from the cracking reactor (5) and purified in a separator system (8, 9) is admixed with the molten plastic waste from the heating device (3). The mixed plastic stream is further heated in the second heating device (4), and from there is guided into the cracking reactor (5), where the plastic materials are cracked, and by means of subsequent distillation are separated into diesel and low boilers. A special entry system allows the prior separation of water and acidic gases, and the saving of inert gas. The invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method.

A method is disclosed for reducing fouling in catalytic cracking. The method includes subjecting a recycled fossil-based feedstock to a heat treatment, evaporating the heat-treated feedstock, hydrotreating resulting evaporation distillate and performing catalytic cracking of the hydrotreated distillate in a presence of a solid acid catalyst.