A process for detecting oil or lubricant contamination in the production of an article by adding a Stokes-shifting taggant to an oil or lubricant of a machine utilized to produce the article or a component thereof, irradiating the articles produced with a first wavelength of radiation, and monitoring the articles for emission of radiation at a second wavelength. The taggant can be in the form of a composition containing a Stokes-shifting taggant, which absorbs radiation at a first wavelength and emits radiation at a second wavelength, different from said first wavelength, dissolved or dispersed in an oil or lubricant.

The present invention relates to a method of marking a petroleum hydrocarbon by adding to and uniformly mixing with said petroleum hydrocarbon a chemical marker of general formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein two of the residues R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are independently of each other selected from C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkoxy, and eight of the residues R.sup.1-R.sup.10 are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl, as well as to a composition of a petroleum hydrocarbon comprising a petroleum hydrocarbon and at is least one chemical marker of general formula (I). The presence and concentration of the chemical marker of general formula (I) in the composition of the petroleum hydrocarbon can be advantageously determined by laser ionization coupled with mass spectrometry or by laser ionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry.

The disclosure provides dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions. More particularly, the disclosure relates to non-mutagenic dyes for marking hydrocarbon compositions.

A method of marking a hydrocarbon fuel, the method comprising adding to said hydrocarbon fuel a tracer compound for marking the hydrocarbon fuel, the tracer compound being a substituted fluorene having a structure of Formula (I): wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and selected from hydrogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, phenyl or substituted phenyl groups, benzyl or substituted benzyl groups, or R1 and R2 form a single substituent linked intramolecularly to each other, or R1 and R2 are ether groups excluding acetal groups, wherein R3 and R4 are the same or different and selected from hydrogen, straight chain, branched or cyclic alkyl groups, phenyl or substituted phenyl groups, benzyl or substituted benzyl groups, and wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is not hydrogen.

##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides compositions, methods, and systems for identifying marked hydrocarbon fluids. These compositions, methods, and systems utilize a gas chromatography marker including a non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The methods and systems can identify the presence or absence of the gas chromatography marker and/or the non-pyrrolidinone nitrogen-containing compound. The compositions, methods, and systems can optionally utilize a spectroscopic marker.

The present invention provides a method for determining the authenticity of a petroleum hydrocarbon allegedly comprising at least one specific chemical marker, as well as a method for determining adulteration of a petroleum hydrocarbon marked with at least one specific chemical marker. The methods claimed and described herein rely upon the use of specific chemical markers in combination with laser ionization at a wavelength of between about 300 nm and about 370 nm coupled with ion mobility spectrometry or with mass spectrometry.

Processes for converting lignocellulose to feedstock and downstream products are disclosed. The processes may include acid treatment of lignocellulose to produce a fermentation feedstock. In various instances, the processes include recovery or recycling of acid, such as recovery of hydrochloric acid from concentrated and/or dilute streams. Downstream products may include acrylic acid-based products such as diapers, paper and paper-based products, ethanol, biofuels such as biodiesel and fuel additives, and detergents.

A compound of formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein p is at least 1, n is at least 1 and less than or equal to p; Ar is a polycyclic aromatic moiety, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and each of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 is independently an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, provided that at least one of R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 has at least 6 carbon atoms.

A Liquid, comprising an hydrophobic flavonoid derivative electrochemically non-active, that is capable of restoring its electrochemical activity, the concentration of the flavonoid derivative being 10 ppm by weight or less, and an organic substance in an amount of 90% by weight or more.

The present invention relates to a real time identification method of working/functional fluid products including a specified tagging material and an apparatus which is first capturing and then identifying the tagging material using a concentrator and an optical detector, simultaneously transferring the reading to a smart unit and finally releasing the tagging material.