Nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide having a dumbbell shape, wherein the dumbbell shape has rounded ends separated by a narrow central portion, wherein a ratio of a largest width of the central portion to a largest width of the rounded ends is 0.30 to 0.75, a length is in the range of 500 nm to 1100 nm, the largest width of the narrow central portion is 100 to 250 nm, and the largest width of the narrow central portion is 100 to 250 nm. The nanoparticles have a mesoporous structure and are made up of subparticles that have a size of 5 to 75 nm. A method of making the nanoparticles from calcined calcium carbonate sources is disclosed. Also disclosed is an enhanced fuel containing the nanoparticles.

An additive has been prepared for blending with gasoline that facilitates a cylinder resident reaction, in high compression internal combustion engines (ICEs), to produce an increase in engine's mechanical energy output. A method of increasing mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) comprising blending an amount of additive with gasoline to perform hydrolysis of olefin hydrocarbons, represented by octene (C8) into petroleum gas hydrocarbons, represented by butane (C4), wherein the additive facilitates cylinder-resident reaction, aided by a low concentration of organometallic catalyst, to utilize the elements of the water combustion product, to hydrolyze olefin hydrocarbons such as octene, resident in the gasoline, into petroleum gas hydrocarbons such as butane, and to increase the ICE's efficiency of utilization of the energy of the fuel.

Disclosed herein are particulate filtration systems comprising a fuel source, a fuel burner, and a porous ceramic structure, the fuel source comprising at least one fuel additive capable of producing ash upon combustion. The resulting ash can be deposited on the porous ceramic structure in an amount sufficient to improve the filtration efficiency of the structure over a relatively short period of time or relatively short driving distances. Vehicles comprising such particulate filtration systems and methods for filtering particulate matter from a fluid stream are also disclosed herein. Further disclosed herein are methods for conditioning a particulate filter to improve the initial filtration efficiency.

Provided are water-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The water-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

Provided are oil-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The oil-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.

Disclosed herein is a fuel blend comprising a hydrocarbon based fuel; and particles that comprise magnesium and boron. Disclosed herein too is a method comprising blending a composition comprising a hydrocarbon based fuel and particles that comprise magnesium and boron to form a fuel blend.

A nanostructure includes a plurality of substantially spherically curved carbon layers having diameters in a range of 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and a plurality of halogen atoms attached to an outer convex side of the carbon layers. A composition of matter includes a liquid fuel and an additive including at least one liquid and a plurality of carbon nano-onions. A method of fabricating an additive for liquid fuel includes creating a carbon-based material using a plasma in an environment including at least one hydrocarbon gas and/or at least one liquid containing hydrocarbons, organometallic metal-complex, and/or element-organic compounds, evaporating organic material from the carbon-based material, halogenating the carbon-based material, and extracting carbon nano-onions from the halogenated carbon-based material.

The present invention provides a desulfurization agent mixing system for fuel oil used in harbors, the system including: a fuel oil tank for storing fuel oil; a desulfurization agent tank for storing a desulfurization agent; a line mixer receiving and mixing the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent from the fuel oil tank and the desulfurization agent tank; a droplet atomization unit for forming droplets of a mixture of the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent, the mixture being generated by the line mixer; a magnetization unit for magnetizing the mixture in which the droplets are contained; a vortex reaction unit for turning the mixture of the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent, which is magnetized by the magnetization unit; a gas separation unit configured to separate gas contained in the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent mixture in the vortex reaction unit; a collision emulsion unit configured to cause the mixture of the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent from which the gas is separated by the gas separation unit to collide against a collision target; and an emulsion tank for storing the mixture of the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent, which is collided by the collision emulsion unit.

An additive has been prepared for blending with gasoline that facilitates a cylinder resident reaction, in high compression internal combustion engines (ICEs), to produce an increase in engine's mechanical energy output. A method of increasing mechanical efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) comprising blending an amount of additive with gasoline to perform hydrolysis of olefin hydrocarbons, represented by octene (C8) into petroleum gas hydrocarbons, represented by butane (C4), wherein the additive facilitates cylinder-resident reaction, aided by a low concentration of organometallic catalyst, to utilize the elements of the water combustion product, to hydrolyze olefin hydrocarbons such as octene, resident in the gasoline, into petroleum gas hydrocarbons such as butane, and to increase the ICE's efficiency of utilization of the energy of the fuel.

Provided are water-based fuel additive compositions that, when combusted with a fuel containing vanadium in a gas turbine, inhibit vanadium hot corrosion in the gas turbine. The water-based fuel additive compositions include at least one rare earth element compound or alkaline earth element compound that retards vanadium corrosion resulting from combustion of vanadium rich fuel.