A process for making cerium dioxide nanoparticles containing at least one transition metal (M) utilizes a suspension of cerium hydroxide nanoparticles prepared by mechanical shearing of an aqueous mixture containing an oxidant in an amount effective to enable oxidation of cerous ion to ceric ion, thereby forming a product stream that contains transition metal-containing cerium dioxide nanoparticles, Ce.sub.1-xM.sub.xO.sub.2, wherein x has a value from about 0.3 to about 0.8. The nanoparticles thus obtained have a cubic fluorite structure, a mean hydrodynamic diameter in the range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm, and a geometric diameter of less than about 4 nm. The transition metal-containing crystalline cerium dioxide nanoparticles can be used to prepare a dispersion of the particles in a nonpolar medium.

Aviation gasolines and additives may have manganese-containing anti-knock components. The scavengers herein mitigate the possible deleterious effects from using the manganese-containing anti-knock. The scavengers include molecules with a central atom of a Group 15 element other than nitrogen. Entities that are attached to the central atom are electron withdrawing entities including electron deficient atoms and electron deficient functional groups.

A process for producing combustible product from an organic or biomass feedstock, the process comprising: mixing the feedstock with an alkaline material to give an alkaline aqueous mixture; heating the mixture by ohmic heating to a temperature in the range of about 280 C. to about 320 C. and reacting the mixture under subcritical conditions at the said temperature range and a pressure of about 6.6 to about 11.6 MPa (65 bar gauge to about 115 bar gauge); and removing at least some of the water to leave a combustible product, which may be used to form an aqueous slurry, suspension or emulsion and combusted in a suitable engine.

Aviation gasolines and additives may have manganese-containing anti-knock components. The scavengers herein mitigate the possible deleterious effects from using the manganese-containing anti-knock. The scavengers include molecules with a central atom of a Group 15 element other than nitrogen. Entities that are attached to the central atom are electron withdrawing entities including electron deficient atoms and electron deficient functional groups.

In some embodiments, a composition includes isooctane in an amount of about 81 vol % to about 87 vol %. The composition further includes a dialkyl ether compound in an amount of about 10 vol % to about 18 vol %, wherein the dialkyl ether compound is selected from the group consisting of ethyl-tert-butyl-ether, methyl-tert-butyl-ether, and combinations thereof. The composition further includes methanol in an amount of about 1.5 vol % or less. The total oxygen content present in the composition comprises about 3.2 wt % or less of the composition. The figures illustrate comparative testing including compositions of the disclosure.