A biomass fuel slurry includes a mixture of a biomass material and a plastic material suspended in water. In other embodiments, the biomass fuel slurry also includes coal. A method of making a biomass fuel slurry includes the steps of encapsulating a biomass material with a plastic material to produce a plastic encapsulated biomass material and suspending the plastic encapsulated biomass material in water.

The invention relates to a microemulsion comprising water in an amount of 1-30 w %; sodium or potassium oleate, Na/K salts of tall oil fatty acid, and/or Na/K salts of C16-C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 10-40 w %; oleic acid, tall oil fatty acid, or C16-C18 saturated or unsaturated fatty acids in an amount of 2-40 w %; ethanol in an amount of 0-40 w %; glycerol in an amount of 5-40 w %; and liquid hydrocarbon(s) in an amount of 5-40 w %, up to a maximum or total of components parts of 100 w %. Moreover, methods of manufacture and uses of the microemulsion are disclosed.

An emulsifying dispersant includes, as the main component, vesicles formed from an amphiphilic substance capable of self-assembly or an emulsifying dispersant comprising single particles of a biopolymer as the main component. The particles made from amphiphilic substances capable of self-assembly are used. The amphiphilic substances are selected from among polyoxyethylene-hydrogenated castor oil derivatives wherein the average number of added ethylene oxide molecule is 5 to 15, dialkyldimethyl-ammonium halides wherein the chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl is 8 to 22, and phospholipids or phospholipid derivatives. According to the invention a three-phase structure composed of an aqueous phase, an emulsifying dispersant phase and an oil phase is formed on the surface of an emulsion to give an emulsion (such as emulsion fuel) excellent in thermal stability and long-term stability.

A method of producing a nanoemulsion is disclosed that provides an oleaginous base fuel, and water in an amount of at least 10 wt %. A first nonionic surfactant, a second nonionic surfactant and a third nonionic surfactant are mixed in substantially equal weight ratios into a surfactant mixture. The surfactant mixture is mixed with the water and the base fuel to form the nanoemulsion fuel. A nanoemulsion fuel composition can comprise an external oleaginous phase comprised of base fuel, an internal aqueous phase comprised of water, and a surfactant mixture comprised of a plurality of surfactants. The first surfactant can be derived from ethylene oxide, the second surfactant and the third surfactant are detergents having a fatty acid.

The present disclosure provides a dehydration and upgrading system for a high-water-content material, including a reaction kettle, a steam generator and a steam recovery apparatus, wherein the steam generator and the steam recovery apparatus are located at left and right sides of the reaction kettle respectively, and are connected through steam pipelines; a pressure sensing device is arranged on the reaction kettle to sense the pressure therein; a feed port is formed at an upper end of the reaction kettle; a discharge port is formed at a lower end of the reaction kettle; a discharge conveying belt is arranged below the discharge port; a high-pressure air pipe is arranged on one side of the middle part of the reaction kettle; and a high-pressure air valve is arranged on the high-pressure air pipe.

A process for producing a microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprising water and at least one hydrocarbon or oil, comprising the steps of: a) providing the hydrocarbon or oil, water, one or more additives, a solvent, and a hydrophilic surfactant formulation comprising an amine or amide derivative non-ionic surfactant which is a fatty acid alkanolamide, one or more ethoxylated alcohols and/or ethoxylated alkylphenols, and a non-ionic fatty acid ester; b) by a mixing or stirring device operating at a mixing or stirring speed in the range 100 rpm and 15000 rpm, mixing or stirring the hydrophilic surfactant formulation and additive into the solvent, to produce a hydrophilic self-emulsifying blend; c) adding water to the hydrophilic self-emulsifying blend and the hydrocarbon or oil to produce a water-in-hydrocarbon/oil microemulsion or nanoemulsion, wherein the microemulsion or nanoemulsion comprises: 46% or more by mass of the hydrocarbon or oil, 4% to 36% by mass of water, a mass ratio of hydrophilic surfactant formulation to water in the range 1:10 to 1:2, 0.1% to 5% by mass of additive, 1.2% or more by mass of the solvent, a dispersed particle size in the range 1 nm to 500 nm, and a polydispersity index of 35% PdI or less, wherein the percentages by mass of the hydrocarbon or oil, water, formulation, additive and solvent together add up to 100%.

A bio emulsion fuel manufacturing apparatus and method using vegetable oil is provided, including an oil tank unit configured to refine a vegetable oil introduced from an oil inlet by using a coagulant agent and a centrifugal decanter; a water tank unit configured to pretreat a water introduced from a water inlet by using a water tank catalyst; a first HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce nano-bubbles into the water inside the water tank; a mixed oil unit connected to the oil tank unit and the water tank unit, and configured to produce a mixed oil by using an inline mixer; an ionization catalyst unit connected to the mixed oil unit and configured to convert the mixed oil to a bio emulsion fuel by using an ionization catalyst group; and a second HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce HHO gas into the bio emulsion fuel.

A bio emulsion fuel manufacturing apparatus and method using vegetable oil is provided, including an oil tank unit configured to refine a vegetable oil introduced from an oil inlet by using a coagulant agent and a centrifugal decanter; a water tank unit configured to pretreat a water introduced from a water inlet by using a water tank catalyst; a first HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce nano-bubbles into the water inside the water tank; a mixed oil unit connected to the oil tank unit and the water tank unit, and configured to produce a mixed oil by using an inline mixer; an ionization catalyst unit connected to the mixed oil unit and configured to convert the mixed oil to a bio emulsion fuel by using an ionization catalyst group; and a second HHO gas infuser unit configured to introduce HHO gas into the bio emulsion fuel.

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties.

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties.