Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization system including a desulfurization agent storage tank for storing a liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent and a metering pump for supplying the liquid-phase pretreatment desulfurization agent from the desulfurization agent storage tank to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine in a predetermined ratio. Since a fluid mixture composed of the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, sulfur oxides are adsorbed and removed during combustion of the fluid mixture.

Proposed is a pretreatment desulfurization method for marine fuel oil. The method includes a step of preparing a pretreatment desulfurization agent including (a) at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, MnO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O3, (b) at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Cd, and Pb, and (c) at least one liquid composition selected from the group consisting of sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3). and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The method also includes a step of feeding the pretreatment desulfurization agent to a fuel supply line through which marine fuel oil is supplied to a marine engine at a certain ratio so that a fluid mixture containing the marine fuel oil and the pretreatment desulfurization agent is supplied to the marine engine, thereby adsorbing and removing sulfur oxides during combustion of the fluid mixture.

The present invention includes a fuel injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of oil, a pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor for detecting an injection amount of a pretreatment desulfurization agent, and a control panel for controlling and monitoring the injection amount of the pretreatment desulfurization agent so that the predetermined desulfurization agent is mixed with the fuel in a predetermined mixing ratio. The fuel injection amount sensor is disposed on a fuel supply line between a fuel tank and a marine engine, and the pretreatment desulfurization agent injection amount sensor is disposed between a downstream fuel supply line installed downstream of the fuel injection amount sensor and a pretreatment desulfurization agent tank.

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R.sup.2 to R.sup.5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

An absorbent for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide over carbon dioxide from a fluid stream comprises an aqueous solution of a) a tertiary amine, b) a sterically hindered secondary amine of the general formula (I) ##STR00001##
in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl; R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl, with the proviso that at least one R.sub.4 and/or R.sub.5 radical on the carbon atom bonded directly to the nitrogen atom is C.sub.1-4-alkyl or C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl when R.sub.3 is hydrogen; x and y are integers from 2 to 4 and z is an integer from 1 to 4; where the molar ratio of b) to a) is in the range from 0.05 to 1.0, and c) an acid in an amount, calculated as neutralization equivalent relative to the protonatable nitrogen atoms in a) and b), of 0.05 to 15.0%. One preferred amine of the formula I is 2-(2-tert-butylaminoethoxy)ethanol. The absorbent allows a defined H.sub.2S selectivity to be set at pressures of the kind typical in natural gas processing.

A fire starter kit that includes a frame, a scratcher, a sparking road, and at least one fuel reservoir. The frame is having a first end, a second end, a middle region, a recess provided on the middle region, and a first slot provided along the first end, the second end and partially through the middle region. The scratcher removably mounted in the recess, wherein the scratcher is having at least one blade provided with a plurality of tooths. The sparking rod is removably mounted within the first slot, wherein the sparking rod is configured to produce sparks when scratched with the scratcher.

Mineral additive blend compositions and a method for operating a furnace are provided in order to avoid combustion problems such as agglomeration, deposition, corrosion and reducing emissions. A method for operating a furnace, such as a fluidized-bed reactor, pulverized-fuel combustor, and grate combustor, includes introducing fuel and a mineral additive blend including a clay and a functional mineral into the furnace.

An absorbent for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide over carbon dioxide from a fluid stream comprises an aqueous solution of a) a tertiary amine, b) a sterically hindered secondary amine of the general formula (I)

##STR00001##

in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl; R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl, with the proviso that at least one R.sub.4 and/or R.sub.5 radical on the carbon atom bonded directly to the nitrogen atom is C.sub.1-4-alkyl or C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl when R.sub.3 is hydrogen; x and y are integers from 2 to 4 and z is an integer from 1 to 4; where the molar ratio of b) to a) is in the range from 0.05 to 1.0, and c) an acid in an amount, calculated as neutralization equivalent relative to the protonatable nitrogen atoms in a) and b), of 0.05 to 15.0%. One preferred amine of the formula I is 2-(2-tert-butylaminoethoxy)ethanol. The absorbent allows a defined H.sub.2S selectivity to be set at pressures of the kind typical in natural gas processing.

An absorbent for selective removal of hydrogen sulfide from a fluid stream comprises an aqueous solution of a) a tertiary amine, b) a sterically hindered secondary amine of the general formula (I) ##STR00001##
in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl; R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5 and R.sub.6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, C.sub.1-4-alkyl and C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl, with the proviso that at least one R.sub.4 and/or R.sub.5 radical on the carbon atom bonded directly to the nitrogen atom is C.sub.1-4-alkyl or C.sub.1-4-hydroxyalkyl when R.sub.3 is hydrogen; x and y are integers from 2 to 4 and z is an integer from 1 to 4; where the molar ratio of b) to a) is in the range from 0.05 to 1.0, and c) an acid in an amount, calculated as neutralization equivalent relative to the protonatable nitrogen atoms in a) and b), of 0.05 to 15.0%. One preferred amine of the formula I is 2-(2-tert-butylaminoethoxy)ethanol. The absorbent allows a defined H.sub.2S selectivity to be set at pressures of the kind typical in natural gas processing.

Proposed is a method of emulsifying fuel oil and a desulfurization agent. The method includes (a) a step of adding a desulfurization agent to fuel oil for line mixing thereof, (b) a step of generating droplets in the resulting mixture of step (a), (c) a step of causing the resulting mixture of step (b) to pass through a magnetic field so that the mixture can be magnetized, (d) a step of subjecting the resulting mixture of step (c) to vortex mixing, and (e) a step of causing collision of the resulting mixture of step (d). The method uses fuel oil as a continuous phase and a water-based desulfurization agent as a disperse phase and emulsifies the desulfurization agent in the fuel oil through water-in-oil (W/o) emulsification so that the desulfurization agent can be stably dispersed in the fuel oil. Since the fuel oil and the desulfurization agent are burned together during combustion, sulfur oxides that may occur during the combustion are removed, whereby sulfur oxide emissions are reduced.