A process of removing at least one metal contaminant, such as copper, from a fluid hydrocarbon, for example, crude oil or a liquid hydrocarbon fuel, such as an aviation fuel. The process involves contacting the metal-contaminated fluid hydrocarbon with a sorbent selected from graphene oxide or a functionalized graphene oxide, particularly, a graphene oxide treated with a polycarboxylic acid, such as a saccharide polycarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, examples of which include alginic acid and Group IA and IIA salts thereof. The process removes greater than 99 percent of the metal contaminant without reducing concentrations of advantageous fuel additives, such as, antioxidants, icing inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors. Also described are a purified fluid hydrocarbon composition and a metal contaminant filter system.

The subject matter of the present invention is a fuel composition which comprises —at least 85% by weight of one or more fractions of hydrocarbons having a distillation range within the range extending from 100 to 400° C. and having a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by weight; —at least a first additive consisting of a particular quaternary ammonium salt; and —at least a second additive consisting of a phenolic antioxidant. The subject matter of the invention is also the use of a composition of additives comprising said first and second additives, for improving at least one property of a paraffin-rich fuel composition.

A diesel fuel composition as disclosed includes a fossil diesel component, a fatty acid methyl esters component, and a hydrotreated renewable paraffinic diesel component. A method is disclosed for producing the diesel composition and use thereof. Use of the hydrotreated renewable paraffinic diesel component as an oxidation stability improver is further disclosed.

A fuel additive for fuel formulations comprising calcium sulfonates in an amount effective to limit or eliminate valve seat recession in engines utilizing such fuel formulations. The fuel additive may also include a detergent, particularly in an amount to enhance the VSR limiting effect of the calcium sulfonates. Also included are fuel formulations containing calcium sulfonates in a concentration effective to limit vale seat recession in engines utilizing the fuel formulations. Methods for treating VSR in piston engines are also provided.

The present invention relates to a multifunctional spontaneous combustion inhibitor for bituminous coal in the form of a foam concentrate, which may inhibit the spontaneous combustion of bituminous coal, prevent the scattering of bituminous coal, prevent the occurrence of problems due to spontaneous combustion, such as a power plant operation failure, bituminous coal waste, and odor generation, enables a bituminous coal power plant to be operated economically, safely and environmentally friendlily through the use of inexpensive bituminous coal, and may be used even at −20° C. by improving the pour point thereof. The present invention is characterized in that a spontaneous combustion inhibitor is prepared in the form of a water-soluble foam concentrate by using an antioxidant, a volatile fraction activation inhibitor, and an emulsifier compound, is mixed with water and air, and is distributed and applied to bituminous coal in a foamed state.

A biodiesel composition comprising a stabilization agent is disclosed. The stabilization agent comprises depolymerized lignin having a weight average molecular weight of at least 360 g/mol and at most 5000 g/mol, and the TEAC value of the depolymerized lignin is at most 50% of the TEAC value of a corresponding lignin before having been depolymerized, and wherein the weight average molecular weight of the depolymerized lignin is at most 60% of the weight average molecular weight of the corresponding lignin.

The present invention relates to the use of a fuel composition comprising at least 85% by weight of one or more hydrocarbon fractions consisting of one or more hydrotreated vegetable oils, said fraction(s) having a distillation range between 100 and 400° C. and having a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by weight, for reducing the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine (or diesel engine). The present invention also relates to a method for cleaning the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine using such a composition.

The present invention relates to fuel derived from renewable resources. More specifically, the present invention provides a composition which can be used as a fuel and a mixture which can be added to one or more C.sub.8-22 fatty acid triglycerides in order to provide a fuel. In particular, the present invention concerns the reduction of decomposition of such fuels due to bacterial growth and oxidation.

Provided is an antioxidant capable of coating the surface layer of a coal deposit (coal pile) and further reducing the amount of oxygen permeation into the inside of the deposit. The present invention is an antioxidant for coal, containing an oil-in-water type resin emulsion having an average particle size of emulsion particles of 0.3 μm or more and 1.0 μm or less. The antioxidant preferably further contains a surfactant. The worker sprays the above antioxidant on the coal deposit. This forms a consolidated layer on the surface of the coal deposit that is highly effective in suppressing oxygen permeation. Therefore, the permeation of oxygen in the air atmosphere into the inside of the coal deposit is blocked, thus preventing the oxidation of the coal.

The present invention relates to a multifunctional spontaneous combustion inhibitor for bituminous coal in the form of a foam concentrate, which may inhibit the spontaneous combustion of bituminous coal, prevent the scattering of bituminous coal, prevent the occurrence of problems due to spontaneous combustion, such as a power plant operation failure, bituminous coal waste, and odor generation, enables a bituminous coal power plant to be operated economically, safely and environmentally friendlily through the use of inexpensive bituminous coal, and may be used even at 20 C. by improving the pour point thereof. The present invention is characterized in that a spontaneous combustion inhibitor is prepared in the form of a water-soluble foam concentrate by using an antioxidant, a volatile fraction activation inhibitor, and an emulsifier compound, is mixed with water and air, and is distributed and applied to bituminous coal in a foamed state.