Apparatuses including offshore porous floating bioreactors for containing algae water slurries in a saltwater environment. The porous floating bioreactors include a top portion and a bottom portion. At least a portion of the top portion is composed of a first transparent material and at least a portion of the bottom portion is porous. The offshore porous floating bioreactors may be deployed in a saltwater environment to facilitate one or both of cultivation or lipid induction of an algae water slurry contained therein.

A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.

A process for making a biochar composition by passing renewable organic-carbon-containing feedstock through a beneficiation sub-system to reduce water content followed by introducing beneficiated feedstock into an oxygen-deficient thermal sub-system to result in renewable processed biochar having an energy density of at least 17 MMBTU/ton (20 GJ/MT) a water content of less than 10 wt %, and water-soluble salt that is decreased by at least 60 wt % on a dry basis from that of the unprocessed organic-carbon-containing feedstock.

A Hydro Disambiguative Catalytic Donor Recombination process and apparatus that uses Water, Sunlight (for energy) and any Organic liquid carbon donor source (Plant (vegetable oils) and Animal Fat (fortified butter or ghee) to produce flammable fuel consisting of C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 Hydrocarbons, and we call this gas as Organic Petroleum Gas (NPG), which has the same composition as a petroleum gas obtained from fossil source.

A method of producing a hydrocarbon fuel from a soapstock includes supplying a pyrolysis reactor that includes a microwave absorbent bed susceptible to microwave irradiation, applying microwave energy to the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the microwave absorbent bed converts the microwave energy to thermal energy, supplying the soapstock to the microwave absorbent bed, and condensing a vapor generated by pyrolysis of the soapstock sufficient to collect the hydrocarbon fuel.

The methane production plant (10) comprises: an electric energy source (11) suitable for supplying electrical energy, an electrolyser (14) fed with the electrical energy supplied by the electric energy source, suitable for supplying hydrogen in gas form, an atmospheric carbon dioxide capture device (16) suitable for supplying carbon dioxide and water, a methanation reactor (15) suitable for receiving the hydrogen supplied by the electrolyser, water and the carbon dioxide that are supplied by the atmospheric carbon dioxide capture device, and suitable for producing methane, and solar collectors (19) and a means for heat transfer from the solar collectors to the carbon dioxide capture device (16).

Provided is a p-type TiO.sub.2/n-type WO.sub.3 heterojunction catalyst and a preparation method and use thereof. The catalyst comprises p-type TiO.sub.2 and n-type WO.sub.3 supported on a surface of the p-type TiO.sub.2.

Systems and methods of processing biomass include a conveyor unit associated with an inlet and/or outlet, a microwave generator, a microwave guide connecting the microwave generator to the conveyor unit that includes a microwave opening configured to receive microwave energy via the microwave guide, and a microwave suppression system including a tunnel associated with the material inlet and/or outlet, and including at least one flexible and/or movable microwave reflecting component within the tunnel, the microwave reflecting component configured to be deflected as biomass material passes through the tunnel and then returning to a resting, closed position when the biomass material is no longer passing through the tunnel. The conveyor unit is configured to receive and process the biomass material, including heating the biomass material to at least a first temperature by applying microwave energy to the biomass material.

A process of making a fuel product from a non-combustible high protein organic material such as a biological by-product or waste material. The moisture content of the high protein organic material is mechanically reduced and dried to reduce the moisture content to less than ten percent (10%). The high protein organic material is pulverized to a particle size of less than about 2 mm. The high protein organic waste material is fed into a combustion chamber and separated during combustion such as by spraying high protein organic waste material within the combustion chamber. Temperature and combustion reactions within the combustion chamber are controlled by controlling the moisture in the combustion atmosphere and energy injections at or downstream of the combustion chamber. The concentration of protein thermal decomposition by-products, temperature, and residence time and/or additions of energy plasma within the combustion chamber environment are controlled to degrade hazardous polyfluoro compounds.

A fluidized bed reactor for biomass treatment comprising a vessel extending in a first direction from a first end to a second end, an inlet at the first end of the vessel for feeding biomass particles into the vessel, an outlet at the second end of the vessel for outputting processed biomass, a first fluid inlet independently activatable to deliver a first volume of a gas in a second direction into a first region of the vessel, and a second fluid inlet spaced apart from the first fluid inlet in the first direction and independently activatable to deliver a second volume of the gas in the second direction into a second region of the vessel, the second region adjacent the first region.