The present disclosure provides methods for producing recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) virions. The present disclosure provides compositions for producing rAAV virions.

The disclosure provides a non-natural herpes simplex virus (“HSV”), compositions comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of the HSV, and methods of producing the HSV, or infecting a cell with the HSV. Also provided herein are methods of treating cancer or inhibiting the growth or metastasis of cancer cell in a subject in need thereof.

Producing adenovirus gene therapy vector in producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX enables one to produce pIX-deleted adenovirus in suspension cell culture. Using producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX also increases the yield of adenovirus vector, regardless of whether that adenovirus is pIX-deleted. Using producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX also improves the resulting vector's transduction kinetics, reducing the number of pfu/target cell required to achieve a given level of transduction/infection, shortening the time the vector requires to transduce or infect a target cell, and shortening the time an infected target cell produces progeny virus.

Described herein is a chemostat-like continuous cell culture system that combines certain advantages of perfusion open systems and chemostat open systems to improve the culturing of mammalian cells, e.g., genetically modified cells, particularly in serum-free or chemically-defined media. The continuous culture system described herein involves culturing mammalian cells in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL. Also described herein is a method for producing a polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture, the method comprising culturing mammalian cells expressing the polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL; and recovering the polypeptide and/or virus of interest from medium of the cell culture system.

Producing adenovirus gene therapy vector in producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX enables one to produce pIX-deleted adenovirus in suspension cell culture. Using producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX also increases the yield of adenovirus vector, regardless of whether that adenovirus is pIX-deleted. Using producer cells that express or over-express adenoviral polypeptide IX also improves the resulting vector's transduction kinetics, reducing the number of pfu/target cell required to achieve a given level of transduction/infection, shortening the time the vector requires to transduce or infect a target cell, and shortening the time an infected target cell produces progeny virus.

Described herein is a chemostat-like continuous cell culture system that combines certain advantages of perfusion open systems and chemostat open systems to improve the culturing of mammalian cells, e.g., genetically modified cells, particularly in serum-free or chemically-defined media. The continuous culture system described herein involves culturing mammalian cells in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL. Also described herein is a method for producing a polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture, the method comprising culturing mammalian cells expressing the polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL; and recovering the polypeptide and/or virus of interest from medium of the cell culture system.

Described herein is a chemostat-like continuous cell culture system that combines certain advantages of perfusion open systems and chemostat open systems to improve the culturing of mammalian cells, e.g., genetically modified cells, particularly in serum-free or chemically-defined media. The continuous culture system described herein involves culturing mammalian cells in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL. Also described herein is a method for producing a polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture, the method comprising culturing mammalian cells expressing the polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL; and recovering the polypeptide and/or virus of interest from medium of the cell culture system.

Described herein is a chemostat-like continuous cell culture system that combines certain advantages of perfusion open systems and chemostat open systems to improve the culturing of mammalian cells, e.g., genetically modified cells, particularly in serum-free or chemically-defined media. The continuous culture system described herein involves culturing mammalian cells in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL. Also described herein is a method for producing a polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture, the method comprising culturing mammalian cells expressing the polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL; and recovering the polypeptide and/or virus of interest from medium of the cell culture system.

Described herein is a chemostat-like continuous cell culture system that combines certain advantages of perfusion open systems and chemostat open systems to improve the culturing of mammalian cells, e.g., genetically modified cells, particularly in serum-free or chemically-defined media. The continuous culture system described herein involves culturing mammalian cells in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL. Also described herein is a method for producing a polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture, the method comprising culturing mammalian cells expressing the polypeptide and/or virus of interest in a continuous cell culture system, which comprises a cell retention device, wherein the cell culture system has a dilution rate (D) of less than about 2 d.sup.1, and a cell density of less than about 210.sup.7 cell/mL; and recovering the polypeptide and/or virus of interest from medium of the cell culture system.

The disclosure provides a non-natural herpes simplex virus (HSV), compositions comprising, or alternatively consisting essentially of, or yet further consisting of the HSV, and methods of producing the HSV, or infecting a cell with the HSV. Also provided herein are methods of treating cancer or inhibiting the growth or metastasis of cancer cell in a subject in need thereof.