Immune-based approaches to treat and prevent skin cancer by boosting T cell immunity against commensal HPVs present on skin. Thus, provided herein are compositions comprising: (i) a plurality of antigenic peptides each comprising a sequence of 9-30 amino acids derived from proteins from commensal human papilloma viruses, (ii) a plurality of live or live attenuated commensal human papilloma viruses, (iii) a plurality of antigenic proteins from commensal human papilloma viruses, preferably in virus-like particles, and/or (iv) a plurality of nucleic acids encoding (a) a plurality of antigenic peptides, each comprising a sequence of 9-30 amino acids derived from proteins from commensal human papilloma viruses or (b) a plurality of antigenic proteins from commensal human papilloma viruses; and optionally a T cell adjuvant that increases T cell response to the antigenic peptides.

Immune-based approaches to treat and reduce the risk of cancer of mucosal tissues by boosting T cell immunity against commensal HPVs.