Provided herein is a method of functionalizing a particle, as well as methods of optically tracking a particle, isolating enveloped viral particles from a sample, quantifying enveloped virus particles in a sample and assessing enveloped viral aggregation in a sample. Kits are also provided. The particle is typically a viral particle.

A fabric top for a convertible vehicle includes, in sequence: an outer cover layer, an insulating layer, an absorber layer and an inner cover layer. The absorber layer at 500 hz has an absorption coefficient of 10 to 65%, at 1000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 15 to 110%, at 2000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 33 to 115%, at 4000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 60 to 110% at 8000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 85 to 120%.

A system and method that identifies and causes cancerous cells to self-destruct by using an engineered virus to vector and distinguish cancerous cells from normal cells through metabolic and other biometric signatures inherent in cancerous cells, identifies, binds and inserts itself into the cancer cell thereby causing the cell to identify and highlight itself as a target for natural intracellular and systemic cell-eradication pathways. Upon confirmatory binding, these engineered vectors, that specifically identify and target only cancer cells through binding to and then being absorbed into the cancer cells, fix the body's natural defenses that cancer cells evaded as part of cancer's progression to activate multiple paths for precisely targeted destruction of the hyperproliferating cells. In the development stages, the cancer cell must intensify its metabolism to support the prolific growth and at the same time the transforming cell must debilitate the intracellular and systemic checks against uncontrolled cell growth that the body has developed to maintain homeostasis. The vector of this invention is engineered to identify and bind cells expressing the intensified metabolic signatures required for cancer's growth, and then by inserting into the cell, to trigger natural intracellular defenses that, in responding to the vector, also prevent continuing metabolism of the cancer cell. The vector initiates dormant metabolic pathways that will, when activated, support eradication of the targeted cell through its natural apoptosis. Several of the compounds induced in response to the vector entry into the target cell also unleash a systemic effect by migrating to the cell membrane where: a) they serve as tags or markers of the infected cell; and b) by releasing cytokines, guide powerful killing cells from the immune system to the tagged cell. These natural processes provide additional backup measures to complete the destruction and removal of the targeted cancer cell.

A fabric top for a convertible vehicle includes, in sequence: an outer cover layer, an insulating layer, an absorber layer and an inner cover layer. The absorber layer at 500 hz has an absorption coefficient of 10 to 65%, at 1000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 15 to 110%, at 2000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 33 to 115%, at 4000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 60 to 110% at 8000 hz has an absorption coefficient of 85 to 120%.

The disclosure provides for methods for making and using modified influenza gene products, alone or in combination, e.g., to inhibit wild-type influenza virus replication, to serve as an immunostimulatory agent, and/or as attenuated vaccine backbones. In one embodiment, the genomes of the DIPs provide for inhibitory activity, producing a dual effect in which both the RNA itself and the encoded protein coordinate to interfere with replication. Thus, the ability of DIPs to block replication of WT virus provides for a treatment for infection, use as an immunostimulatory agent, and as attenuated viruses for vaccination.