A method of producing plant virus-like particles includes freeze drying an aqueous solution of plant virus particles to produce a substantially RNA-free plant virus-like particles.

A method of producing plant virus-like particles includes freeze drying an aqueous solution of plant virus particles to produce a substantially RNA-free plant virus-like particles.

Described herein is a method for high-efficiency virus enrichment and purification using an asymmetric nanopore membrane (ANM) filtration technology. The ANM design prevents viral particle deformation, lysing, and fusion due to the strong external force and thus significant increases the yield while preserving other advantages of size-based ultrafiltration. It also offers a unique feature of being able to flush the contaminating proteins from the viral particles. It offers higher throughput, yield, sample purity, concentration factor, and more precise size fractionation than current approaches.

A method of producing plant virus-like particles includes freeze drying an aqueous solution of plant virus particles to produce a substantially RNA-free plant virus-like particles.

A method of producing plant virus-like particles includes freeze drying an aqueous solution of plant virus particles to produce a substantially RNA-free plant virus-like particles.

A method of producing plant virus-like particles includes freeze drying an aqueous solution of plant virus particles to produce a substantially RNA-free plant virus-like particles.