The present invention relates to methods of treating cancer in a human subject in need thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to treating a cancer by administering a recombinant virus which expresses one or more biotherapeutic agents in a subject, and administering to the subject a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent. The invention further relates to method for treating cancer by administering a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent and a caspase inhibitor, and, optionally, also administering a recombinant virus expressing one or more biotherapeutic agents in the subject. The invention also relates to a method for treating cancer by administering purified interferon gamma to a subject and administering to the subject a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, including controlled release pharmaceutical compositions containing: a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent and a recombinant virus; a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide analogue precursor chemotherapeutic agent and a caspase inhibitor; or a purified interferon gamma and a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent.

The present invention relates to methods of treating cancer in a human subject in need thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to treating a cancer by administering a recombinant virus which expresses one or more biotherapeutic agents in a subject, and administering to the subject a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent. The invention further relates to method for treating cancer by administering a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent and a caspase inhibitor, and, optionally, also administering a recombinant virus expressing one or more biotherapeutic agents in the subject. The invention also relates to a method for treating cancer by administering purified interferon gamma to a subject and administering to the subject a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions, including controlled release pharmaceutical compositions containing: a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent and a recombinant virus; a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide analogue precursor chemotherapeutic agent and a caspase inhibitor; or a purified interferon gamma and a nucleotide analogue or nucleotide precursor analogue chemotherapeutic agent.

Described herein are next generation vaccine compositions, including mRNA vaccines having flavivirus untranslated regions and vaccines comprising a (major histocompatibility complex) MHC binding peptide.