A composition can include a carbon nanofiber, wherein a precursor for the carbon nanofiber includes an alcohol and an aldehyde crosslinked by a primary amine. In certain embodiments, the carbon nanofiber can be biotemplated. Biotemplating enables precise control of morphology at the nanometer scale, while molecular templating allows control of carbon nanotexture and structure at the sub-nanometer scale.

A composition can include a carbon nanofiber, wherein a precursor for the carbon nanofiber includes an alcohol and an aldehyde crosslinked by a primary amine. In certain embodiments, the carbon nanofiber can be biotemplated. Biotemplating enables precise control of morphology at the nanometer scale, while molecular templating allows control of carbon nanotexture and structure at the sub-nanometer scale.

Provided herein are ultraviolet light blocking compositions composed of an active agent containing a phage, phage particle, or other functional component thereof, or another viral particle, or other functional component thereof, in addition to one or more secondary agents useful for application to skin, in industrial or domestic settings, or in agriculture.

Disclosed herein are nanorod productions systems (NPS) useful for the production of biological scalable functionalization-ready nanorods (BSFnano). The nanorods produced are derived from filamentous phage Ff (f1, M13 or fd). The NPS disclosed herein permits efficient biological production of non-infectious, heat-stable isomorphic proteinaceous nanorods comprising modifications allowing site-specific recombinant, chemical and enzymatic attachment of peptide and non-peptide functionalities in an orthogonal manner. Also disclosed are methods of making and using these nanorods, such as in methods of detecting target molecules.