Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

Described herein are engineered organelles comprising multi-component proteins from different species incorporated into a membrane structure with interior and exterior aspects. In one embodiment the artificial organelle incorporates one or more protein complexes that absorb optical energy and catalyze electron transfer in biochemical reactions that can be used to reduce NAD.sup.+ to NADH or analogues thereof.

The present disclosure provides microbial organisms having increased availability of co-factors, such as NADPH, for increasing production of various products, including 1,3-BDO, MMA, (3R)-hydroxybutyl (3R)-hydroxybutyrate, amino acids, 3HB-CoA, adipate, caprolactam, 6-ACA, HMD A, or MAA, and products made from any of these. Also provided are one or more exogenous nucleic acids encoding an enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to increase availability of NADPH, where the exogenous nucleic acid includes one or more of ATP-NADH kinase, pntAB, nadK, and gapN. Also provided are one or more gene attenuations occurring in genes, such as NDH-2, that result in an increased ratio of NADPH to NADH. Various combinations of the exogenous nucleic acids and gene deletions are also provided in the present disclosure. The present disclosure also provides methods of making and using the same, including methods for culturing cells, and for the production of the various products.

The disclosure relates to host cells having altered NADPH availability, allowing for increased production of compounds produced using NADPH, and methods of use thereof. NADPH availability is altered by one or more of: expressing an altered GAPDH, expressing a variant glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd), dihydropicolinate reductase (dapB), and meso-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase (ddh), expressing a novel nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, expressing a novel threonine aldolase, and expressing or modulating the expression of a pyruvate carboxylase in the host cells.

The present invention provides engineered cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) enzymes, polypeptides having cGAS activity, and polynucleotides encoding these enzymes, as well as vectors and host cells comprising these polynucleotides and polypeptides. Methods for producing cGAS enzymes are also provided. The present invention further provides compositions comprising the cGAS enzymes and methods of using the engineered cGAS enzymes. The present invention finds particular use in the production of pharmaceutical compounds.

Provided is a technique for synthesizing a nicotinamide derivative (NAm derivative) such as a nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) with high efficiency. A genetically modified microorganism is used, which can express, as nicotinamide phosphoribosylt ransferase (NAMPT), NAMPT having a conversion efficiency of 5-folds or more that of human NAMPT.

Provided is a technique for synthesizing a nicotinamide derivative (NAm derivative) such as a nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) with high efficiency. A genetically modified microorganism is used, which can express, as nicotinamide phosphoribosylt ransferase (NAMPT), NAMPT having a conversion efficiency of 5-folds or more that of human NAMPT.

A family of customizable tethering molecules for tethering cofactors such as, but not necessarily limited to, nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH, NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H) to substrates or structures formed from or including graphene-like materials is described. The tethered cofactor can then be used, for example, as biosensors employed for clinical diagnostic, food industry, medical drug development and environmental and military applications, as well as in reagentless biofuel cells for power generation.