An electrode (1), the electrode (1) comprises a substrate (4, 5) on which is located a porous layer of a conducting or semi-conducting oxide (6) and having located thereon Ferredoxin NADP Reductase (FNR) (3). The electrode (1) can be used to drive organic synthesis via nicotinamide cofactor regeneration.

A sensor implanted in tissues and including a sensing layer is fabricated by mixing the signal transduction enzyme with non-reactive components including buffer salts and fillers, and spin coating the enzyme onto a substrate. The signal transduction enzyme is crosslinked by introducing the coated substrate in a vacuum chamber. In the chamber, a crosslinker evaporates and is deposited onto the enzyme, therefore crosslinking the enzyme.

Disclosed is a method for preparing nanoscale electrodes comprised of electrochemically grown noble metal nanowires, and use of the same for the detection of extremely small concentrations of molecules. Such nanoscale electrodes provide target molecule release information from submicron areas on the cell surface, significantly increasing the spatial resolution of the target molecule mapping of a cell surface to enable localization of target molecules on the cell surface, which can be critical for the detection of certain cells with different properties in a given group of cells, such as circulating tumor cells.

Described herein are systems, assays, methods and compositions for identification of oxidase microbial redox-enzymes (MREs) specific to an analyte of interest from an environmental source. The technology relates to identification of analyte-responsive MREs that can quantify the concentration of a target analyte with high specificity and high sensitivity, for example, where the identified analyte-responsive redox-enzyme can be used to engineer an electrochemical biosensor.

Methods and analyte sensors including at least a first working electrode having a first active area thereon, and performing a dip coating operation to deposit a bilayer membrane upon the first working electrode and the first active area. The bilayer may include an inner layer having a first membrane polymer and an outer layer having a second membrane polymer, the first membrane polymer and the second membrane polymer differing from one another. The dip coating operation may comprise one or more first dips in a first membrane formulation to form the inner layer of the bilayer membrane and one or more second dips in a second membrane formulation to form the outer layer of the bilayer membrane upon the inner layer.

The present disclosure provides devices, systems, and methods related to sequencing a biopolymer. In particular, the present disclosure relates to methods for sequencing a polynucleotide using a bioelectronic device that includes protein assemblies used as coupling molecules in bioelectronic circuits. The present disclosure also provides multimeric protein assemblies with various combinations of live and dead subunits arranged to maximize conduction.

Compositions of matter, methods, devices, systems and apparatus for detecting analytes are disclosed including, for example, protein switches and their use in an in vivo sensor. The protein switch can be used to determine a level of an analyte that is diagnostic for health and/or well-being of a subject.

NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions, and electrodes, sensors and systems that include the same. Analyte sensors include an electrode having a sensing layer disposed thereon, the sensing layer comprising a polymer and an enzyme composition distributed therein. The enzyme composition includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P).sup.+) or derivative thereof; an NAD(P).sup.+-dependent dehydrogenase; an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; and an electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex.

Provided are an amadoriase that is less likely to be influenced by oxygen concentration and a method and a reagent kit for measurement of HbA1c using such amadoriase. Provided are an amadoriase that is obtained via substitution of one or more amino acid residues at a position or positions corresponding to the position(s) selected from the group consisting of positions 280, 267, 269, 54, and 241 of the amadoriase derived from the genus Coniochaeta, a method for measurement of HbA1c, a reagent kit for measurement, and a sensor using such amadoriase. The modified amadoriase according to the invention has a lowered oxidase activity and an enhanced dehydrogenase activity, and this enables the use of an electron mediator, and this reduces the influence of oxygen concentration. Thus, HbA1c can be measured with high sensitivity.

The present invention relates to the detection or diagnosis of infection or inflammation in a patient. In particular, the invention provides methods that allow the detection of markers in a sample from a patient or subject, such as a blood sample, which will indicate whether the patient or subject has an infection or has an inflammatory response.