The present invention discloses a convective PCR apparatus by using a transparent conductive thin film to replace the traditional metal heater. The PCR reaction is activated when the container with reagents contacted the heated transparent conductive thin film and the temperature inside the container raised to initiate the convective circulation. Also, the present invention could apply for a quantitative PCR reaction by adding a specific probe, a fluorescent dye, a light source, or a photon receiver.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to systems and methods for determining viruses such as coronaviruses. For instance, some aspects are directed to systems and methods for determining viruses using a partitioning system. Within the partitioning system, free RNA or other nucleic acids may preferentially partition into one phase, while intact viruses may be present in the other phase or in both phases. Accordingly, in some cases, free RNA or other nucleic acids may be preferentially removed, e.g., as compared to intact RNA or other nucleic acids present within a virus. In some cases, the phase containing intact viruses can be determined to determine the infectiousness, e.g., of a sample arising from a subject. This may be useful, for example, for distinguishing subjects who are capable of spreading an infection from those who are not infectious.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to systems and methods for determining viruses such as coronaviruses. For instance, some aspects are directed to systems and methods for determining viruses using a partitioning system. Within the partitioning system, free RNA or other nucleic acids may preferentially partition into one phase, while intact viruses may be present in the other phase or in both phases. Accordingly, in some cases, free RNA or other nucleic acids may be preferentially removed, e.g., as compared to intact RNA or other nucleic acids present within a virus. In some cases, the phase containing intact viruses can be determined to determine the infectiousness, e.g., of a sample arising from a subject. This may be useful, for example, for distinguishing subjects who are capable of spreading an infection from those who are not infectious.

A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.

A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.

This disclosure provides genomics-based methods that can be used to identify, quantify, and characterize rare cell types, including circulating tumor cells.

This disclosure provides genomics-based methods that can be used to identify, quantify, and characterize rare cell types, including circulating tumor cells.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods and systems for analysis of melting temperatures, and particularly to analysis of duplex nucleic acids.

Embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods and systems for analysis of melting temperatures, and particularly to analysis of duplex nucleic acids.

A method of analyzing a molecule is disclosed. A lipid bilayer is formed such that it divides a first reservoir characterized by a first reservoir osmolarity from a second reservoir characterized by a second reservoir osmolarity. An electrolyte solution is flowed to the first reservoir that tends to make a first change to a ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity. A voltage is applied across the lipid bilayer, wherein the lipid bilayer is inserted with a nanopore, and wherein a net transfer of ions between the first reservoir and the second reservoir tends to make a second change to the ratio of the first reservoir osmolarity to the second reservoir osmolarity, and wherein the first change to the ratio and the second change to the ratio tends to counter-balance each other.