The present disclosure provides microbial organisms having increased availability of co-factors, such as NADPH, for increasing production of various products, including 1,3-BDO, MMA, (3R)-hydroxybutyl (3R)-hydroxybutyrate, amino acids, 3HB-CoA, adipate, caprolactam, 6-ACA, HMD A, or MAA, and products made from any of these. Also provided are one or more exogenous nucleic acids encoding an enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to increase availability of NADPH, where the exogenous nucleic acid includes one or more of ATP-NADH kinase, pntAB, nadK, and gapN. Also provided are one or more gene attenuations occurring in genes, such as NDH-2, that result in an increased ratio of NADPH to NADH. Various combinations of the exogenous nucleic acids and gene deletions are also provided in the present disclosure. The present disclosure also provides methods of making and using the same, including methods for culturing cells, and for the production of the various products.

The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of monoethylene glycol (MEG) or glycolic acid (GA), or MEG and one or more co-product, from one or more pentose and/or hexose sugars. Also provided are methods of producing MEG (or GA), or MEG (or GA) and one or more co-product, from one or more pentose and/or hexose sugars using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising the recombinant microorganisms and/or the products MEG (or GA), or MEG and one or more co-product.

Described herein are recombinant host organisms having an active pentose fermentation pathway and further comprising a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a non-phosphorylating NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN). Also described are processes for producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol, from starch or cellulosic-containing material with the recombinant host organisms.

Described herein are recombinant host organisms having an active arabinose fermentation pathway and further comprising a heterologous polynucleotide a heterologous polynucleotide encoding a L-xylulose reductase (LXR). Also described are processes for 5 producing a fermentation product, such as ethanol, from starch or cellulosic-containing material with the recombinant host organisms.

The present disclosure concerns recombinant yeast host cells having a first genetic modification for downregulating a first metabolic pathway that converts NADP.sup.+ to NADPH, as well as a second genetic modification for upregulating a second metabolic pathway that converts NADP.sup.+ to NADPH. The second genetic modification allows the expression of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase lacking phosphorylating activity, which can, in some embodiments, be from enzyme commission 1.2.1.9 or 1.2.1.90. The second pathway is distinct from the first metabolic pathway. The present disclosure also concerns a process for making and improving the yield of a fermented product, such as ethanol, using the recombinant yeast host cell.

The present disclosure is related to biosynthetic methods of forming monosaccharides, and systems for generating the same. A benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include the sustainable production of monosaccharides in an automated process. A benefit of the methods and systems herein can be the generation of monosaccharides from renewable source materials. An additional benefit of the methods and systems herein can include the use of abundant feedstocks, such as carbon dioxide, for the efficient generation of select monosaccharides for use as nutrients and for other useful applications. Another benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include reduction of excess carbon dioxide from the environment.

The present disclosure is related to electrochemical methods of forming monosaccharides, and systems for generating the same. A benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include the sustainable production of monosaccharides in an automated process. A benefit of the methods and systems herein can be the generation of monosaccharides from renewable source materials. An additional benefit of the methods and systems herein can include the use of abundant feedstocks, such as carbon dioxide, for the efficient generation of select monosaccharides for use as nutrients and for other useful applications. Another benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include reduction of excess carbon dioxide from the environment.

Aspects of the disclosure provide engineered microbes for ethanol production. Methods for microbe engineering and culturing are also provided herein. Such engineered microbes exhibit enhanced capabilities for ethanol production.

The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of monoethylene glycol (MEG) or glycolic acid (GA), or MEG and one or more co-product, from one or more pentose and/or hexose sugars. Also provided are methods of producing MEG (or GA), or MEG (or GA) and one or more co-product, from one or more pentose and/or hexose sugars using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising the recombinant microorganisms and/or the products MEG (or GA), or MEG and one or more co-product.

The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of monoethylene glycol (MEG), or optionally MEG and one or more co-product, from one or more hexose feedstock. The present application also relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of glycolic acid (GA), or optionally GA and one or more co-product, from one or more hexose feedstock. The present application relates to recombinant microorganisms useful in the biosynthesis of xylitol, or optionally xylitol and one or more co-product, from one or more hexose feedstock. Also provided are methods of producing MEG (or GA or xylitol), or optionally MEG (or GA or xylitol) and one or more co-product, from one or more hexose feedstock using the recombinant microorganisms, as well as compositions comprising the recombinant microorganisms and/or the products MEG (or GA or xylitol), or optionally MEG (or GA or xylitol) and one or more co-product.