Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

The present invention relates to the preparation of amines from aldehydes and ketones by reductive amination with enzymes having a reductive aminase activity on aldehydes and ketones devoid of any carboxyl group gamma of the carbonyl group. The invention also relates to the enzymes per se and their uses in biocatalysis. The enzymes are derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis and vaccae, Cystobacter fuscus, Microbacterium sp. and Aminomonas paucivorans.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

Provided are compositions and methods for treating a subject having a primary immune deficiency (PID), for example who is suffering from a chronic viral, bacterial, or fungal infection, using autologous granulocytes, autologous lymphocytes, and/or NK cells containing exogenous mRNA encoding the missing or defective protein.

The present invention relates to the preparation of amines from aldehydes and ketones by reductive amination with enzymes having a reductive aminase activity on aldehydes and ketones devoid of any carboxyl group gamma of the carbonyl group. The invention also relates to the enzymes per se and their uses in biocatalysis. The enzymes are derived from Mycobacterium smegmatis and vaccae, Cystobacter fuscus, Microbacterium sp. and Aminomonas paucivorans.

Yeast cells having a reductive TCA pathway from pyruvate or phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate, and which include at least one exogenous gene overexpressing an enzyme in that pathway, further contain an exogenous transhydrogenase gene.

Disclosed is a method for the isomerization of glucose by reduction to sorbitol and subsequent oxidation to fructose, in which the redox cofactors NAD.sup.+/NADH and NADP.sup.+/NADPH are regenerated in a one-pot-reaction, wherein one of the two redox cofactors is obtained in the reduced form thereof and the other redox cofactor in the oxidized form thereof as a result of at least two additional enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions (product forming reactions) taking place in the same reaction batch, wherein a) in the regeneration reaction, which transfers the reduced cofactor back to its originally oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of the general formula R.sub.1C(O)COOH is reduced, and b) in the regeneration reaction, which transfers the oxidized cofactor back to its originally reduced form, a compound of the general formula R.sub.2CH(OH)R.sub.3 is oxidized, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 have different meanings in the compounds, characterized in that a mixture of glucose and fructose is used as a starting material. Furthermore, the use of fructose thus produced in a method for producing furan derivatives is disclosed.

Recombinant yeast cells contain a reductive TCA pathway from phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate to succinate. At least one metabolic step in the pathway includes a reaction of NADPH to produce NADP+. The yeast cell contains at least one exogenous NADPH-dependent gene in the pathway from phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate to succinate, preferably an NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogensase or fumarate reducase gene (or both).