The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing UDP-galactose from low-cost substrates uridine monophosphate and D-galactose in a single reaction mixture. Said process can be operated (semi)continuously or in batch mode. Said process can be extended to uridine as starting material instead of uridine monophosphate. Further, said process can be adapted to produce galactosylated molecules and biomolecules including saccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins or glycopeptides, particularly human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and (monoclonal) antibodies.

The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) from low-cost substrates uridine monophosphate and N-acetyl-D glucosamine in a single reaction mixture with immobilized or preferably co-immobilized enzymes. Uridine may be used as starting material instead of uridine monophosphate as well. Further, said process may be adapted to produce GlcNAcylated molecules and biomolecules including saccharides, particularly human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, particularly antibodies, or glycopeptides, and bioconjugates, particularly carbohydrate conjugate vaccines and antibody-drug conjugates.

Provided herein, in some aspects, are methods and compositions for cell-free production of ribonucleic acid.

The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing GDP- fucose from low-cost substrates guanosine and L-fucose or guanosine and D-Mannose in a single reaction mixture. Said process can be operated (semi)continuously or in batch mode. Further, said process can be adapted to produce fucosylated molecules and biomolecules including glycans, such as human milk oligosaccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins or glycopeptides.

This invention relates to in vitro production of nucleic acids, particularly RNAs and specifically messenger RNAs (mRNA).

Provided herein are production systems and methods to produce a plurality of organic carbon-containing compounds from carbon dioxide, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, glucose, cellulose, and starch, using stabilized enzymes in aqueous media.

The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing UDP-galactose from low-cost substrates uridine monophosphate and D-galactose in a single reaction mixture. The process can be operated (semi)continuously or in batch mode. The process can be extended to uridine as starting material instead of uridine monophosphate. Further, the process can be adapted to produce galactosylated molecules and biomolecules including saccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins or glycopeptides, particularly human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) and (monoclonal) antibodies.

The present invention discloses a polyphosphate kinase mutant, engineered strain and application thereof, wherein the polyphosphate kinase mutant is obtained by single- or multi-site mutations of the amino acid at position 79, 106, 108, 111 or 285 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 2. The present invention provides a variety of polyphosphate kinase mutants derived from Cytophaga hutchinsonii, and the specific enzyme activity of these mutants is 2.7-17.9 times higher than that of the parent polyphosphate kinase, more than 70% of the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption in ATP-dependent biocatalytic synthesis reactions may be reduced by the ATP regeneration system constituted by the mutants, which has broad industrial application prospects.

The present invention relates to an enzyme-catalyzed process for producing UDP-N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) from low-cost substrates uridine monophosphate and N-acetyl-D glucosamine in a single reaction mixture with immobilized or preferably co-immobilized enzymes. Uridine may be used as starting material instead of uridine monophosphate as well. Further, the process may be adapted to produce GlcNAcylated molecules and biomolecules including saccharides, particularly human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, particularly antibodies, or glycopeptides, and bioconjugates, particularly carbohydrate conjugate vaccines and antibody-drug conjugates.

The present invention includes novel systems, methods, and compositions for the enzymatic/chemical production of pseudouridine (Ψ) and its variants, such as N1-methyl-pseudouridine-5′-triphosphate (m1ΨTP).