Compositions and methods are provided according to aspects of the present disclosure for inhibition of a pathogenic virus. According to particular aspects, compositions and methods of the present disclosure include degradation of pathogenic viral nucleic acids by interferon-stimulated gene 20-kDa protein (ISG20) and/or a variant thereof, administered to a cell and/or subject to inhibit a pathogenic viral infection of the cell and/or a subject. Compositions and methods are provided according to aspects of the present disclosure wherein providing the ISG20 protein, or a variant thereof, comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the ISG20 protein and/or variant, to a subject having, or at risk of having, a viral infection.

Provided herein, in some aspects, are methods and compositions for cell-free production of ribonucleic acid.

This invention relates to in vitro production of nucleic acids, particularly RNAs and specifically messenger RNAs (mRNA).

Various embodiments are directed to using nuclease expression in tissues that influences cell-free DNA end signatures/motifs and size of overhang between DNA strands. Embodiments can identify a nuclease that is being differentially regulated in abnormal cells relative to normal cells. Embodiments can determine that the nuclease preferentially cuts DNA into DNA molecules having: (i) a particular sequence end signature; or (ii) a specified length of overhang between a first strand and a second strand. A parameter can be determined for a biological sample based on an amount of DNA molecules that include an end sequence corresponding to the particular sequence end signature and/or a measured property correlating to the specified length of overhang. The parameter can be used to determine a characteristic of a tissue type, a fractional concentration of clinically-relevant DNA molecules, or a level of abnormality of a tissue type in the biological sample.

Provided herein, in some aspects, are methods and compositions for cell-free production of ribonucleic acid.

The methods of the disclosure can be used to enrich a population of circular polyribonucleotides in a mixture of linear polyribonucleotides and circular polyribonucleotides.