A therapeutic agent comprising Lon protease, or a variant or active fragment thereof, alpha-hemolysin, or a variant or active fragment thereof, CK1α1, or a variant or active fragment thereof, a c-MYB inhibitor and/or a CEBP-δ inhibitor, for use in therapy, with the proviso that the therapeutic agent does not comprise a bacteria or bacterial supernatant. Methods of production and use thereof.

Described herein are methods and compositions for the use of treating and/or preventing Clostridium difficile infections, including recurrent C. difficile infections, in a subject. Aspects of the technology relate to administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising a defined therapeutic microbiota comprising, e.g. Clostridial species. Also described herein are biomarker profiles, including a biomarker profile comprising two groups of Clostridial species, that is predictive of the likelihood of recurrent C. difficile infection and/or susceptibility to initial C. difficile infection.

Described herein are methods and compositions for the use of treating and/or preventing Clostridium difficile infections, including recurrent C. difficile infections, in a subject. Aspects of the technology relate to administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising a defined therapeutic microbiota comprising, e.g. Clostridial species. Also described herein are biomarker profiles, including a biomarker profile comprising two groups of Clostridial species, that is predictive of the likelihood of recurrent C. difficile infection and/or susceptibility to initial C. difficile infection.

Described here are genetically modified microorganisms with reduced protease activity for the expression of recombinant proteins and without mucoid phenotypes. Also described are methods of making and using the same.