The invention relates generally to methods of producing a protein comprising a first unnatural amino acid (UAA) and a second, different UAA, and proteins comprising a first UAA and a second, different UAA.

Methods and compositions are described for selecting and identifying orthogonal aminoacyl synthetase-tRNA pairs and their use to incorporate unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner in proteins. Specifically described is a novel E. coli tyrptophanyl synthetase-tRNA pair that functions as both an opal and amber suppressor and that incorporates tryptophan analogs into proteins.

The present invention relates to a composition for treatment or prevention of infectious inflammatory diseases comprising tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, and a composition for immune enhancement. More specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of infectious inflammatory diseasess comprising tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, a food composition for preventing or improving, a veterinary composition for preventing or treating, and a composition for immune enhancement comprising a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, respectively. The composition of the present invention can be effectively used for preventing or treating diseases of humans and animals caused by infection from bacteria, viruses or fungi and the like by inhibiting infections such as bacterial, viral, and fungal infections at an early stage particularly through activating innate immune response.

Methods and compositions are described for selecting and identifying orthogonal aminoacyl synthetase-tRNA pairs and their use to incorporate unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner in proteins. Specifically described is a novel E. coli tryptophanyl synthetase-tRNA pair that functions as both an opal and amber suppressor and that incorporates tryptophan analogs into proteins.

The invention relates generally to engineered tRNAs, engineered aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, unnatural amino acids, and cells comprising the same, and their use in the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins.

The present invention relates to a composition for treatment or prevention of infectious inflammatory diseases comprising tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, and a composition for immune enhancement. More specifically, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of infectious inflammatory diseases comprising tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, a food composition for preventing or improving, a veterinary composition for preventing or treating, and a composition for immune enhancement comprising a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as an active ingredient, respectively.

The composition of the present invention can be effectively used for preventing or treating diseases of humans and animals caused by infection from bacteria, viruses or fungi and the like by inhibiting infections such as bacterial, viral, and fungal infections at an early stage particularly through activating innate immune response.

Methods and compositions are described for selecting and identifying orthogonal aminoacyl synthetase-tRNA pairs and their use to incorporate unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner in proteins. Specifically described is a novel E. coli tyrptophanyl synthetase-tRNA pair that functions as both an opal and amber suppressor and that incorporates tryptophan analogs into proteins.

Methods and compositions are described for selecting and identifying orthogonal aminoacyl synthetase-tRNA pairs and their use to incorporate unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner in proteins. Specifically described is a novel E.coli tyrptophanyl synthetase-tRNA pair that functions as both an opal and amber suppressor and that incorporates tryptophan analogs into proteins.

Methods and compositions are described for selecting and identifying orthogonal aminoacyl synthetase-tRNA pairs and their use to incorporate unnatural amino acids in a site-specific manner in proteins. Specifically described is a novel E. coli tyrptophanyl synthetase-tRNA pair that functions as both an opal and amber suppressor and that incorporates tryptophan analogs into proteins.

The present invention relates to a composition for diagnosing infectious diseases by using a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase (WRS) and a method for detecting a diagnostic marker and, more specifically, to: a composition for diagnosing infectious diseases, containing a preparation measuring the WRS protein or mRNA expression level; a diagnostic kit; a method for detecting the WRS for providing information required for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, and a method for determining the infectious disease mortality risk by using the WRS. According to the present invention, the WRS is increased only in infection-induced infectious diseases, differentiating non-infectious diseases therefrom, and is rapidly increased in the early stage of infection. In addition, the level of the WRS is closely correlated with the severity and prognosis of diseases or complications induced by infection. Therefore, the WRS can be used as a marker for more rapid and accurate diagnosis, in comparison to a conventional marker for infectious diseases or complications thereof.